生物接触氧化-滴滤工艺处理水产养殖废水的效能研究

为了高效处理水产养殖废水,采用了生物接触氧化-滴滤(以陶粒为滤料)组合工艺,并对该组合工艺的处理效果进行考察。以生物接触氧化池中组合填料的密度、停留时间以及滴滤的水力负荷作为研究对象,通过对CODMn、氨氮、TN等参数的分析,得到了该组合工艺的处理效果。研究表明:当工艺中组合填料密度(组合填料与废水的体积比)为9.24%,生物接触氧化水力停留时间为0.85 h,滴滤的水力负荷为27.2 m3/(m2·d)时,CODMn、氨氮、TN、TP的去除率可分别高达55.31%、34.31%、57.64%和20.25%。证明采用该组合工艺净化水产养殖废水具有可行性。     

Comparative study of microbial community structure in di erent filter media of constructed wetland

Comparisons of microbial community structure, in eight filter media of zeolites, anthracite, shale, vermiculite, ceramic filter media, gravel, steel slag and bio-ceramic, were undertaken by analyzing the phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) composition. A total of 20 fatty acids in the range of C11 to C20 were determined but only 13 PLFAs were detected in steel slag. They consist of saturated fatty acids, branched fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The variation of fatty acids was revealed in the relative proportions of these fatty acids in di erent media. The aerobic prokaryotes were the predominant group in all media. The PLFA composition showed significant di erences among the eight di erent media by Tukey’s honestly test. It was found that steel slag was significantly di erent in the microbial community as compared to other filter media, probably due to its alkaline e uent. Steel slag alone is probably not a good choice of substratum in constructed wetlands. The principle components analysis (PCA) showed that zeolites, bio-ceramic, shale and vermiculite had a similar microbial community structure while steel slag and ceramic filter media were distinct from other media.     

滤坝基质排布方式对微污染水体净化效果的影响

采用吸附效果较好的火山石和炉渣作为填料,构筑了3个室内滤坝小试系统,研究了不同的基质组合配置对滤坝净化污染物的影响。3种不同的基质组配分别方式为：火山石和炉渣均匀混合、沿水流方向先火山石后炉渣和沿水流方向先炉渣后火山石。结果表明,3个滤坝系统对微污染水体具有明显的净化效果,总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH₃-N)和化学需氧量(COD)去除率最高可达85.7%、46.5%、47.2%和53.4%。基质组合排布方式对COD和NH₃-N的去除效果没有明显的影响,而火山石和炉渣均匀混合的配置方式有利于TP的去除,沿水流方向先炉渣后火山石的配置方式有利于TN的去除。微生物群落分析结果表明,在炉渣和火山石均匀混合的滤坝中,微生物优势菌为除磷优势菌——气单胞菌属,沿水流方向先后排布炉渣火山石的2个滤坝的优势菌为肠杆菌属,该细菌可以进行反硝化产生N₂,这可能是沿水流方向先炉渣后火山石的滤坝TN去除效果较好的原因。     

铁修饰的污泥生物炭对污泥脱水性能的改善效果

为改善城市污水处理厂污泥的脱水性能,采用铁修饰污泥生物炭作为助滤剂,与FeCl₃一起对污泥进行联合调理。以污泥净产率、污泥比阻和泥饼含水率评价污泥脱水性能;通过污泥Zeta电位、扫描电镜、EDS和泥饼可压缩性系数分析该方法的机理;同时,通过对污泥胞外聚合物、重金属以及总氯含量的分析,探究其调理污泥的环境风险,以明确该方法用于改善污泥脱水性能的可行性。结果表明,在500 ℃下制备的铁修饰污泥生物炭(30%)和FeCl₃(12.82%)联合调理时,污泥脱水的效果最佳;与仅用FeCl₃(12.82%)调理的污泥相比,污泥净产率升高了73.38%、污泥比阻降低了68.75%、泥饼含水率降低了9.03%。在较高温度下制备的铁修饰污泥生物炭,其孔隙结构更为发达、表面铁元素含量更高;与FeCl₃联合调理污泥时,更容易发生絮凝,从而使泥饼的渗透性能更好。而且,在联合调理的条件下,污泥中溶解型、松散结合型和紧密结合型胞外聚合物的含量均有所降低;污泥泥饼中重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn)更为稳定,泥饼热解固相产物和非固相产物中总氯含量降低,环境生态风险更小。采用铁修饰污泥生物炭作为助滤剂,可改善污泥脱水性能,并具有实际应用的潜力。     

不同喷油策略对柴油-四氢呋喃混合燃料燃烧和排放的影响

为了解决环境污染和能源短缺等问题,本研究针对四氢呋喃作为一种含氧替代燃料展开研究.在一台六缸增压柴油机上开展了不同喷油策略下四氢呋喃和柴油混合燃料对柴油机燃烧和排放的影响研究,所用3种燃料分别为:纯柴油、5％四氢呋喃和95％柴油、15％四氢呋喃和85％柴油混合燃料(混合比例均为体积比),以原机国六脉谱图为基准调节主喷时...     

火星表面环境模拟技术

叙述了火星表面影响航天器工作的相关环境,主要包括低气压、大温区、CO2大气、高风速、尘暴等.首先叙述了低气压环境的真空舱抽放气模拟法(低气压调节范围150～1500 Pa)、CO2环境换气模拟方法(CO2体积分数约95％)、大温区环境气氮调温模拟法(调节温度范围为–150～150℃)、尘暴环境的真空引流模拟法和低气压风...     

加氢站用45MPa高压储氢瓶式容器火烧试验模拟

为研究加氢站用高压储氢容器在火灾下的安全性能,采用计算流体力学(CFD)方法对45 MPa高压储氢瓶式容器火烧试验过程进行模拟研究,结合气瓶火烧试验,分析高压储氢容器火灾下的热响应过程,研究不同因素对储氢容器压力泄放装置动作时间的影响.结果表明:613 s以内试验压力与模拟数据的最大相对误差为3.9％,模型误差在可接受...     

A product analysis-based study on the mechanism of inflammable gas explosion suppression

To study the mechanism of the suppressing effect of Expanded Aluminium (EA) on the premixed gas explosion, premixed methane-air and propane-air gases were undergone explosion reaction in the presence of EA in a self-designed closed pipeline with the overpressures and the compositions, rates and sensitivities of products analyzed. The results showed that the 9.5% methane-air and 5% propane-air explosions produced peak pressures decreased by 79.3% and 65.6%, and residual methane and propane contents increased by 270% and 560% respectively than without EA. In addition, the results revealed that the explosions of propane in the presence of EA produced less methane and carbon oxides contents, but more ethylene and propylene contents. The simulation showed that H, O, and OH are the key factors affecting the rate of products. The product compositions, together with other parameters, suggested that EA decreased temperature, inhibited chain initiation and propagation reaction, but facilitated chain termination reaction by advancing and accelerating the gas phase and wall destruction reaction of radicals, especially collisions and concentration of key free radicals. This new research method based on the analysis of explosion products can be used for in-depth research into gas explosion features and shed light on the suppressing mechanism of EA in flammable gas explosion.     

受限空间内惰性气体对CH4爆炸抑制特性研究

N2和CO2是常用的惰性抑爆气体,为研究两种气体的抑爆特性,采用20L球形爆炸试验装置,分析了不同浓度配比条件下N2/CH4/空气以及CO2/CH4/空气混合气体的爆炸压力,同时采集爆炸后的气体样品,对比分析爆炸后残留气体的主要成分。结果显示:随CH4浓度从5%增加至12.5%时,完全抑制CH4爆炸需要的惰性气体最小量先增大后降低,CH4浓度在6.5%~7.5%之间时,抑爆需要的惰性气体的量最大;在同一CH4浓度条件下,抑爆需要N2的量大于CO2,并且CH4浓度在5%~6.5%时,抑爆需要两种惰性气体的量值差别最大;当CH4浓度一定时,随着加入惰性气体量的增大,爆炸最大超压逐渐降低,惰性气体浓度和爆炸超压之间基本呈线性关系;在同样条件下,相对于N2,CO2为抑爆气体时,爆炸后腔体内残留的CH4浓度较高。研究成果为惰性气体抑爆技术提供技术支撑,同时为揭示惰性气体抑爆机理有一定作用。     

PLC控制系统在钢渣热焖工艺中的应用

利用PLC控制系统,实现在钢渣热焖工艺中的恒压供水和钢渣热焖定时定量喷水的自动控制要求,具有国际先进水平,取得了良好的经济效益、社会效益和环境效益.