两种粉尘收集系统在环境治理中的应用和对比

针对粉尘治理工程设计中经常混淆的设计理念,介绍了两种粉尘收集系统在环境治理中的各自应用特点,通过对两个工程实例的系统分析和经验总结,得出以下结论:脉冲袋式除尘系统和真空负压吸尘系统是两种不同的粉尘收集系统,脉冲袋式除尘系统是以控制粉尘逸散为原则,在尘源点密闭的基础上形成一定的负压,须合理确定系统的设计风量和吸尘罩的设置;真空负压吸尘系统则是以尽可能多收集粉尘减少人工清扫强度为原则,须优化设计吸尘管网,保证最远处吸尘点能有效吸力。     

强化除磷曝气生物滤池反冲洗优化及其污泥特性

为探讨BAF(曝气生物滤池)最佳反冲洗强度及其选择依据,以某处理石化二级出水的强化除磷BAF为研究对象,采取不同的反冲洗强度进行气-水联合反冲洗,探讨反冲洗过程中出水污泥量峰值出现时间、污泥的SOUR(比好氧呼吸速率)变化、反冲洗前后微生物量和微生物脱氢酶活性(DHA)的变化以及反冲洗后的恢复效果,并对反冲洗强度参数的选择进行了优化. 结果表明:在该研究条件下,采用气洗〔强度为12 L/(m2·s)〕4 min,气-水联合洗〔气洗强度为12 L/(m2·s),水洗强度为6 L/(m2·s)〕5 min,最后用清水漂洗9 min的反冲洗方式,排水中污泥的ρ(SS)可在最短时间(3 min)达到峰值;反冲洗排水中污泥的SOUR较低,平均值为0.5 mg/(mg·h);距离底端进水口1.3和2.2 m处的滤料层微生物的量损失较小,分别为4.4%和5.3%,其相应微生物的活性有所增加. 研究显示,该条件下反冲洗可有效清除滤料颗粒间所截留及滤料表面脱落的老化生物膜,并可保留适量活性较高的生物膜,强化了传质条件,反冲洗后对污染物的处理能力能恢复迅速.      

正交法设计Fe、N共掺杂TiO2/Ti液膜可见光光催化处理染料废水

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了Fe、N共掺杂TiO_2膜电极(Fe,N-TiO_2/Ti),并设计三因素五水平正交试验对电极制备条件进行优化.结果表明,各因素影响主次顺序为:煅烧温度Fe掺杂量N掺杂量;最优制备条件为:煅烧温度550℃,Fe掺杂量0.3%(质量分数),N掺杂量0.3%(质量分数);共掺杂电极光催化活性优于单掺杂和未掺杂电极.紫外-可见漫反射和光电性能测试表明,催化剂有可见光响应;XRD表征结果表明,Fe、N共掺杂细化了晶粒,有效抑制了金红石相的形成,其晶型为锐钛矿型,粒径为11.48 nm.利用Fe,N-TiO_2/Ti与Cu阴极组装成斜置双极液膜反应器,可见光激发光催化降解苋菜红,考察了主要影响因素.结果发现,最佳条件为:初始pH 2.50,废水流量5.1 L·h~(-1),在此条件下处理20mg·L~(-1)苋菜红80 min,脱色率达到91.6%.电极重复使用10次,每次60 min,脱色率下降了12.99%,说明电极稳定性较好.     

好氧-厌氧污泥耦合白腐真菌单元对焦化废水的处理

白腐真菌因能分泌胞外木质素降解酶降解难降解有机污染物,而在难降解有机废水处理中具有巨大应用潜力.其研究常采用白腐真菌直接处理废水,很少关注常规生物法耦合白腐真菌的处理方式.基于此,分别采用白腐真菌和好氧-厌氧污泥耦合Phanerochaete Chrysosporium处理焦化废水以考察后者的可行性.在好氧-厌氧污泥耦合P.chrysosporium的处理中,仅采用3 d的处理时间,好氧-厌氧污泥可将6097 mg·L~(-1)的COD和351 mg·L~(-1)的氨氮分别降至1634~1684 mg·L~(-1)和102~117 mg·L~(-1);进而固定化P.chrysosporium将COD和氨氮再次分别降至1322~1372 mg·L~(-1)和16~62 mg·L~(-1).最终COD和氨氮的去除率分别达77%~78%和82%~95%,这表明:好氧-厌氧污泥耦合P.chrysosporium处理焦化废水可在更短的处理周期完成比直接采用白腐真菌处理更好的处理效果,此思路合理可行.     

Dairy Manure Treatment,Digestion and Nutrient Recovery as a Phosphate Fertilizer

A combined approach of biological treatment, solids digestion and nutrient recovery was tested on dairy manure. A sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was operated in three modes, in order to optimize nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) removals. The highest average removal efficiencies of 91% for NH₄-N, 59% for PO₄-P and 80% for total chemical oxygen demand (COD) were achieved. Staining experiments suggested the coexistence of glycogen and phosphorus accumulating organisms. Anaerobic digestion of wasted bio-solids was able to produce a PO₄-P concentration of 70 mgL^?1 in the supernatant. A pilot-scale experiment, designed to recover phosphorus in the supernatant as struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate), was able to remove 82% of soluble PO₄-P.     

Life cycle assessment of spray dried soluble coffee and comparison with alternatives (drip filter and capsule espresso)

This paper aims to evaluate the environmental burdens associated with spray dried soluble coffee over its entire life cycle and compare it with drip filter coffee and capsule espresso coffee. It particularly aims to identify critical environmental issues and responsibilities along the whole life cycle chain of spray dried coffee. This life cycle assessment (LCA) specifically uses foreground data obtained directly from coffee manufacturers and suppliers. Aside from energy consumption and greenhouse gases emissions, water footprint is also studied in detail, including regionalization of water impacts based on the ecological scarcity method 2006. Other impact categories are screened using the IMPACT 2002+ impact assessment method.The overall LCA results for a 1 dl cup of spray dried soluble coffee amounts approximately to 1 MJ of primary non-renewable energy consumption, to emissions of 0.07 kg of CO_2-eq, and between 3 and 10 l of non-turbined water use, depending on whether or not the coffee cultivation is irrigated and wet treated. When considering turbined water, use can be up to 400 l of water per cup. Pouch – and to a lesser extent metal can packaging alternatives – show lower environmental burdens than glass or sticks.On average, about one half of the environmental footprint occurs at a life cycle stage under the control of the coffee producer or its suppliers (i.e., during cultivation, treatment, processing, packaging up to distribution, along with advertising) and the other half at a stage controlled by the user (shopping, appliances manufacturing, use and waste disposal). Key environmental parameters of spray dried soluble coffee are the amount of extra water boiled and the efficiency of cup cleaning during use phase, whether the coffee is irrigated or not, as well as the type and amount of fertilizer used in the coffee field. The packaging contributes to 10% of the overall life cycle impacts.Compared to other coffee alternatives, spray dried soluble coffee uses less energy and has a lower environmental footprint than capsule espresso coffee or drip filter coffee, the latter having the highest environmental impacts on a per cup basis. This study shows that a broad LCA approach is needed to help industry to minimize the environmental burdens directly related to their products. Including all processes of the entire system is necessary i) to get a comprehensive environmental footprint of the product system with respect to sustainable production and consumption, ii) to share stakeholders responsibility along the entire product life cycle, and iii) to avoid problem shifting between different life cycle stages.     

High efficiency chlorine removal from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pyrolysis with a gas–liquid fluidized bed reactor

In this research a gas–liquid fluidized bed reactor was developed for removing chlorine (Cl) from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to favor its pyrolysis treatment. In order to efficiently remove Cl within a limited time before extensive generation of hydrocarbon products, the gas–liquid fluidized bed reactor was running at 280–320 °C, where hot N₂ was used as fluidizing gas to fluidize the molten polymer, letting the molten polymer contact well with N₂ to release Cl in form of HCl. Experimental results showed that dechlorination efficiency is mainly temperature dependent and 300 °C is a proper reaction temperature for efficient dechlorination within a limited time duration and for prevention of extensive pyrolysis; under this temperature 99.5% of Cl removal efficiency can be obtained within reaction time around 1 min after melting is completed as the flow rate of N₂ gas was set around 0.47–0.85 Nm³ kg^?1 for the molten PVC. Larger N₂ flow rate and additives in PVC would enhance HCl release but did not change the final dechlorination efficiency; and excessive N₂ flow rate should be avoided for prevention of polymer entrainment. HCl is emitted from PVC granules or scraps at the mean time they started to melt and the melting stage should be taken into consideration when design the gas–liquid fluidized bed reactor for dechlorination.     

Data fusion modeling for groundwater systems

Engineering projects involving hydrogeology are faced with uncertainties because the earth is heterogeneous, and typical data sets are fragmented and disparate. In theory, predictions provided by computer simulations using calibrated models constrained by geological boundaries provide answers to support management decisions, and geostatistical methods quantify safety margins. In practice, current methods are limited by the data types and models that can be included, computational demands, or simplifying assumptions. Data Fusion Modeling (DFM) removes many of the limitations and is capable of providing data integration and model calibration with quantified uncertainty for a variety of hydrological, geological, and geophysical data types and models. The benefits of DFM for waste management, water supply, and geotechnical applications are savings in time and cost through the ability to produce visual models that fill in missing data and predictive numerical models to aid management optimization. DFM has the ability to update field-scale models in real time using PC or workstation systems and is ideally suited for parallel processing implementation. DFM is a spatial state estimation and system identification methodology that uses three sources of information: measured data, physical laws, and statistical models for uncertainty in spatial heterogeneities. What is new in DFM is the solution of the causality problem in the data assimilation Kalman filter methods to achieve computational practicality. The Kalman filter is generalized by introducing information filter methods due to Bierman coupled with a Markov random field representation for spatial variation. A Bayesian penalty function is implemented with Gauss–Newton methods. This leads to a computational problem similar to numerical simulation of the partial differential equations (PDEs) of groundwater. In fact, extensions of PDE solver ideas to break down computations over space form the computational heart of DFM. State estimates and uncertainties can be computed for heterogeneous hydraulic conductivity fields in multiple geological layers from the usually sparse hydraulic conductivity data and the often more plentiful head data. Further, a system identification theory has been derived based on statistical likelihood principles. A maximum likelihood theory is provided to estimate statistical parameters such as Markov model parameters that determine the geostatistical variogram. Field-scale application of DFM at the DOE Savannah River Site is presented and compared with manual calibration. DFM calibration runs converge in less than 1 h on a Pentium Pro PC for a 3D model with more than 15,000 nodes. Run time is approximately linear with the number of nodes. Furthermore, conditional simulation is used to quantify the statistical variability in model predictions such as contaminant breakthrough curves.     

Insights into a novel nitrogen removal process based on simultaneous anammox and denitrification(SAD) following nitritation with in-situ NOB elimination

Simultaneous anammox and denitrification(SAD) is an efficient approach to treat wastewater having a low C/N ratio; however, few studies have investigated a combination of SAD and partial nitritation(PN). In this study, a lab-scale up-flow blanket filter(UBF) and zeolite sequence batch reactor(ZSBR) were continuously operated to implement SAD and PN advantages, respectively. The UBF achieved a high total nitrogen(TN) removal efficiency of over 70% during the start-up stage(days 1–50), and reached...     

混合基质3D打印可见光催化系统对病毒气溶胶的去除

利用3D打印灵活可控的特点和复合材料混合打印的优势，将可见光响应的ZnO/g-C₃N₄催化剂掺入ABS塑料，利用3D打印制成催化剂均匀稳定分布的光催化系统，使用流体动力学仿真模拟对反应器结构进行优化设计，用于处理相对密闭的室内空间中的病毒气溶胶.结果表明，病毒气溶胶比细菌气溶胶具有更强的抗逆性，添加螺旋导流板可以显著提升反应器传质性能并有效改善系统光催化效果，以提高对病毒气溶胶的去除率.以商业LED灯为光源的螺旋式反应器对高浓度病毒气溶胶（MS2、PhiX174噬菌体）和细菌气溶胶（大肠杆菌）具有高效去除效果，在3.75min停留时间可以实现对气溶胶的完全去除.