刚度等效在地坑过滤器滞留篮抗震分析中的应用

目的对地坑过滤器滞留篮的过滤板进行刚度等效计算。方法应用能量法和各向异性法对地坑过滤器滞留篮的过滤板进行等效刚度计算。结果基于变形能相等的能量法得到的频率远大于地震反应谱的截止频率,该方法适用于滞留篮模型的工程要求。基于各向异性法得到的主频率与实际模型主频率相差14%,该方法同样适用于滞留篮的工程要求。结论2种方法均可满足工程要求,各向异性方法更接近实际模型。最终采用基于能量法的模型和各项异性刚度等效过滤板都取得了较好的效果。     

高温气冷堆陶瓷堆内构件热老化试验平台开发

目的 开发一种试验平台模拟高温气冷堆正常工况、氧化腐蚀工况和事故工况试验条件,研究陶瓷堆内构件的氧化腐蚀行为和长期服役热老化规律。方法 通过分析高温气冷堆陶瓷堆内构件服役环境特征,确定试验平台开发技术要求,其主要部件包括氧气流量控制器、氦气流量控制器、储气罐、反应气流量控制器、气体预热器、高温反应炉、气体循环泵、氦气纯化器、纯水罐、蠕动泵、真空泵、排气冷肼、在线气相色谱仪、在线露点仪等。结果 该试验平台可精确控制在冷却剂氦气中混入微量的O2、H2O杂质,研究反应时间、温度等因素的影响,还可模拟高温堆正常工况和蒸汽发生器传热管破裂进水事故工况条件,开展长达3 000 h以上的连续热老化试验。结论 该试验平台具有高精度、大尺寸、耐高温、耐长周期试验等优异特性,可模拟复杂多样的工况条件,开展热老化试验研究。     

聚丙烯环生物滴滤塔去除实际市政污水厂硫化氢性能及微生物群落分析

在非稳态条件下,采用AAO剩余污泥为种泥、聚丙烯环为填料启动生物滴滤塔,处理实际市政污水厂细格栅H2S恶臭气体.研究了生物滴滤塔的启动、稳定阶段的运行模式,在空床停留时间为14 s,进气浓度2. 02～319. 19 mg·m-3,环境温度为7. 8～32. 5℃条件下,平均出气浓度为13. 08 mg·m-3,平均去除率达到91. 8%,最高去除负荷达到78. 37 g·(m3·h)-1.在247d运行中,监测到生物滴滤塔压降在长期运行中维持稳定在96 Pa·m-1.高通量测序表明,生物滴滤塔内的微生物群落发生了改变,Shannon指数由4. 99降低至3. 75,但Pseudomonas和Thiobacillus等功能菌的存在解释了生物滴滤塔较好的去除性能.结果表明,在非稳态条件下,以AAO剩余污泥为种泥的生物滴滤塔可实现H2S的高效去除;聚丙烯环作为填料可以在长期运行中维持稳定的压降;微生物群落在长期高浓度的H2S环境中,多样性降低,但降解性能可以得到提高.     

基于U-D分解卡尔曼滤波地下水污染源溯源辨识

采用基于U-D分解的卡尔曼滤波与非线性规划优化模型相结合,溯源辨识出地下水污染源的个数、位置与释放强度.基于一个假想例子,建立地下水污染质数值模拟模型,运用灵敏度分析筛选出对模型影响较大的参数作为模型中的随机变量.然后,应用基于U-D分解的卡尔曼滤波辨识出污染源的个数与位置.在此基础上建立辨识污染源释放强度的优化模型,应用克里格插值法建立地下水污染质运移数值模拟模型的替代模型,代替模拟模型,作为约束条件嵌入优化模型中,运用遗传算法求解优化模型辨识出地下水污染源源强.结果表明：采用基于U-D分解的卡尔曼滤波方法能够保证滤波的稳定性,有效识别出污染源的个数和位置;非线性规划优化模型,可以辨识出污染源释放强度.在优化模型的求解过程中,应用克里格方法建立模拟模型的替代模型嵌入优化模型,能在保证一定精度的情况下,大幅度减少计算负荷和计算时间.     

基于响应面法SCR脱硝反应器喷氨格栅的优化研究

利用计算流体动力学（CFD）方法,采用k-e湍流模型和组分运输模型对SCR脱硝反应器的氨浓度场进行了数值模拟,并通过实验验证了反应器内氨浓度场数值模拟的准确性,同时,基于响应面法研究了喷氨格栅各结构参数和系统运行参数对SCR脱硝反应器内氨浓度场的影响.结果表明,喷口密度N,开孔率ψ,喷口角度α及入口风速v对氨浓度分布均匀性都存在着一定影响,其中影响的显著性为N>α>v>ψ.而且存在着一组最优的喷氨格栅结构参数和最佳的系统运行参数能够使SCR脱硝反应器内的氨浓度分布不均匀系数达到最优值.在本文研究的参数范围内,喷氨格栅最优的结构参数分别是：r=8个、d=57mm、α=90°,系统最佳的运行参数为v=8.17m/s,此时氨浓度分布不均匀系数为0.0151.     

硫自养反硝化系统运行效能和微生物群落结构研究

启动了单质硫自养反硝化反应器并研究其脱氮性能,通过血清瓶批式实验测定了污泥的反硝化活性,并采用扫描电镜和高通量测序手段揭示了系统内微生物群落结构特征.结果表明,SBR反应器进水NO₃^--N浓度为80mg/L,随水力停留时间由12h逐渐缩短为6h,反应器的自养脱氮性能逐渐增强,稳定期反应器的总无机氮去除率达99.1%,总无机氮去除负荷平均值为0.158kg N/（m³·d）;SBR周期内NO₂^--N浓度最大值为13.3mg/L,NO₃^--N还原为NO₂^--N过程pH值由7.38降低至6.94,NO₂^--N还原为N₂过程pH值基本不变;批式实验结果表明,硫自养反硝化和异养反硝化NO₃^--N去除速率分别为0.515,0.196kg N/（kg VSS·d）,硫自养反硝化污泥NO₂^--N降解速率为0.117kg N/（kg VSS·d）,污泥同时具有自养反硝化和异养反硝化活性;扫描电镜显示,污泥中存在大量的杆状细菌和球状菌;污泥中主要的硫反硝化细菌分别为Thiobacillus、Sulfurimonas和Thermomonas属,其相对丰度分别为14.5%、7.6%和6.0%.     

Assessment of health benefit of PM2.5 reduction during COVID-19 lockdown in China and separating contributions from anthropogenic emissions and meteorology

The national lockdown policies have drastically disrupted socioeconomic activities during the COVID-19 pandemic in China, which provides a unique opportunity to investigate the air quality response to such anthropogenic disruptions. And it is meaningful to evaluate the potential health impacts of air quality changes during the lockdown, especially for PM_2.5 with adverse health effects. In this study, by using PM_2.5 observations from 1388 monitoring stations nationwide in China, we examine the PM_2.5 variations between the COVID-19 lockdown (February and March in 2020) and the same period in 2015–2019, and find that the national average of PM_2.5 decreases by 18 μg/m³, and mean PM_2.5 for most sites (about 75%) decrease by 30%–60%. The anthropogenic and meteorological contributions to these PM_2.5 variations are also determined by using a stepwise multiple linear regression (MLR) model combined with the Kolmogorov–Zurbenko filter. Our results show that the change of anthropogenic emissions is a leading contributor to those widespread PM_2.5 reductions, and meteorological conditions have the negative influence on PM_2.5 reductions for some regions, such as Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH). Additionally, the avoided premature death due to PM_2.5 reduction is estimated as a predicted number based on a log-linear concentration-response function. The total avoided premature death is 9952 in China, with dominant contribution (94%) from anthropogenic emission changes. For BTH, Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and Hubei regions, the reductions of PM_2.5 are 24.1, 24.3, 13.5 and 29.5 μg/m³, with the avoided premature deaths of 1066, 1963, 454 and 583, respectively.     

Enhanced removal of organic matter and typical disinfection byproduct precursors in combined iron–carbon micro electrolysis-UBAF process for drinking water pre-treatment

The organic matter and two types of disinfection byproduct(DBP) precursors in micropolluted source water were removed using an iron–carbon micro-electrolysis(ICME)combined with up-flow biological aerated filter(UBAF) process. Two pilot-scale experiments(ICME-UBAF and UBAF alone) were used to investigate the effect of the ICME system on the removal of organic matter and DBP precursors. The results showed that ICME pretreatment removed 15.6% of dissolved organic matter(DOM)and significantly improved the removal rate in the subsequent UBAF process. The ICME system removed 31% of trichloromethane(TCM) precursors and 20% of dichloroacetonitrile(DCAN) precursors. The results of measurements of the molecular weight distribution and hydrophilic fractions of DOM and DBP precursors showed that ICME pretreatment played a key role in breaking large-molecular-weight organic matter into low-molecular-weight components, and the hydrophobic fraction into hydrophilic compounds, which was favorable for subsequent biodegradation by UBAF.Three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy(3D-EEM) further indicated that the ICME system improved the removal of TCM and DCAN precursors. The biomass analysis indicated the presence of a larger and more diverse microbial community in the ICME-UBAF system than for the UBAF alone. The high-throughput sequencing results revealed that domination of the genera Sphingomonas, Brevundimonas and Sphingorhabdus contributed to the better removal of organic matter and two types of DBP precursors. Also, Nitrosomonas and Pseudomonas were beneficial for ammonia removal.     

基质比对ABR厌氧氨氧化工艺脱氮性能的影响

为解决厌氧氨氧化底物去除不彻底导致总氮去除偏低的问题,通过控制不同的进水基质比,对厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)的厌氧氨氧化脱氮性能进行了研究.结果表明,ABR厌氧氨氧化系统最佳进水N_2~O--N/NH+4-N为1.34,此时NH+4-N和N_2~O--N的去除率同时达到99.99%左右,总氮去除率达到峰值为87%,当进水N_2~O--N/NH+4-N从1逐渐降低至0.49和从1.34逐渐提高至1.62时,反应器对NH+4-N和N_2~O--N的绝对去除量较为稳定,NH+4-N或N_2~O--N过量对ABR厌氧氨氧化系统没有产生明显抑制;此外,不同基质比条件下,NH+4-N和N_2~O--N的去除基本在第1隔室完成,基质比变化对ABR各隔室的脱氮效果没有产生显著影响,ABR厌氧氨氧化系统对基质浓度的变化具有较好的稳定性.     

不同填料对大肠杆菌去除能力的研究

针对丘陵农村地区水质恶化、经济基础差及污水处理能力有限的状况,目前一般采用人工湿地和自然沟渠综合措施处理生活污水,但迄今仍缺乏针对水体病原菌污染的自然生态去除技术研究。为了筛选适宜去除病原菌的人工湿地填料,选用林地土、旱地土、水稻土、生物炭、无烟煤、沸石和石英7种填料,测定不同填料对大肠杆菌的去除能力,并通过在旱地土添加不同比例生物炭(0%、2%、5%、10%、20%、50%),探讨基于大肠杆菌去除容量与去除成本的旱地土与生物炭颗粒物复合物最佳比例。结果表明:不同填料介质生活污水大肠杆菌去除能力由强到弱依次为生物炭>无烟煤>水稻土>旱地土>林地土>沸石>石英;添加生物炭可增大湿地土壤孔隙度,有效提高单位时间内渗滤污水速率,及大肠杆菌的去除率,特别对大肠埃希氏菌去除效果更加明显;生物炭添加可延迟填料到达吸附饱和的时间,有效增加人工湿地处理容量。综合考虑大肠杆菌去除效率和生物炭添加成本等因素,人工湿地生物炭最优添加比例为20%。