四级串联厌氧反应器对阿卡波糖废渣的减量处理

发酵生产阿卡波糖的过程会产生大量发酵废渣,该废渣处理成本高昂且易造成环境污染。因此,寻找高效环保和低成本的废渣减量处理方法,是目前亟需解决的问题。采用四级串联厌氧反应器对阿卡波糖废渣液进行减量处理,经过启动阶段和负荷提高阶段,共运行68 d。其中,负荷提高阶段增加水解酸化罐作为预处理工艺,两阶段有机负荷分别为1.16,3.32 kg/(m3·d)。结果表明:水解酸化罐作为预处理工艺可提高系统稳定性;系统运行后期可溶性COD去除率达83.3%,平均容积产气率为0.36 m3/(m3·d),废渣中固体物质的去除率达64%,在2—4号罐体底部观察到直径0.8~2 mm的颗粒污泥形成。     

Removal of antibiotics in a parallel-plate thin-film-photocatalytic reactor: Process modeling and evolution of transformation by-products and toxicity

Photocatalytic degradation of sulfamethoxazole(SMX) antibiotic has been studied under recycling batch and homogeneous flow conditions in a thin-film coated immobilized system namely parallel-plate(PPL) reactor. Experimentally designed, statistically evaluated with a factorial design(FD) approach with intent to provide a mathematical model takes into account the parameters influencing process performance. Initial antibiotic concentration, UV energy level, irradiated surface area, water matrix(ultrapure and secondary treated wastewater) and time, were defined as model parameters. A full of 2~5 experimental design was consisted of 32 random experiments. PPL reactor test experiments were carried out in order to set boundary levels for hydraulic, volumetric and defined defined process parameters. TTIP based thin-film with polyethylene glycol + TiO_2 additives were fabricated according to pre-described methodology. Antibiotic degradation was monitored by High Performance Liquid Chromatography analysis while the degradation products were specified by LC–TOF-MS analysis. Acute toxicity of untreated and treated SMX solutions was tested by standard Daphnia magna method. Based on the obtained mathematical model, the response of the immobilized PC system is described with a polynomial equation. The statistically significant positive effects are initial SMX concentration,process time and the combined effect of both, while combined effect of water matrix and irradiated surface area displays an adverse effect on the rate of antibiotic degradation by photocatalytic oxidation. Process efficiency and the validity of the acquired mathematical model was also verified for levofloxacin and cefaclor antibiotics. Immobilized PC degradation in PPL reactor configuration was found capable of providing reduced effluent toxicity by simultaneous degradation of SMX parent compound and TBPs.     

Effects of the support material addition on the hydrodynamic behavior of an anaerobic expanded granular sludge bed reactor

As a support material, zeolite can be used to promote the granulation process due to its high settable property and the ability to retain biomass on its surface. The present paper reports on the influence of zeolite addition on the hydrodynamic behavior of an expanded granular sludge bed reactor (EGSB). Different models were applied to fit the flow pattern and to compare EGSB hydrodynamic performance with and without the addition of zeolite. The experimental data fit the tanks in a series model for zeolite bed height of 5 cm and upflow velocity of 6 m/hr. Higher axial dispersion degree (D/uL) was obtained at lower heights of zeolite. The real hydraulic retention time (HRTr) was increased with both increased zeolite bed height and increased upflow velocity. The short-circuit results for 5 cm of zeolite bed and 6, 8 and 10 m/hr upflow velocity were 0.3, 0.24 and 0.19 respectively, demonstrating the feasibility of using zeolite for a proper hydrodynamic environment to operate the EGSB reactor. The presence of zeolite resulted in the higher percentage values of dead zones, ranging from 12% to 24%. Zeolite addition exerted a positive effect on the hydrodynamics pattern for this technology being advantageous for the anaerobic process because of its possible contribution to better biofilm agglomeration, granule formation and substrate-microorganism contact.     

大气细颗粒物中有机碳和元素碳监测方法对比

在线精确测量大气细颗粒物中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)是研究碳质气溶胶形成和来源解析的重要科学基础.在线测定仪器选取不同的升温程序可能导致OC和EC观测数据差异,造成对研究结果的误判.对比分析在线OC/EC分析仪最常使用的RT-Quartz(R法)、NIOSH 5040(N法)和Fast-TC(F法)这3种温度协议下获得的OC和EC实际观测结果,结合北京空气污染程度,讨论了3种分析程序观测结果的异同.结果表明,3种分析程序对TC(TC=OC+EC)、OC和EC的测量均无显著性差异,但存在一定偏差.对TC的测量,R法比N法低5%,比F法高1%;对OC的测量,R法比N法低9%,比F法高1%;对EC的测量,R法比N法高20%,比F法低11%,其中R法温度协议在不同空气质量下对TC、OC和EC测量的变异系数均小于N法和F法.使用R法的在线分析与小流量PM2.5石英膜采样-离线分析所测定的TC、OC和EC结果的线性拟合斜率分别为1.21、1.14和1.35,R2TC、R2OC和R2EC分别为0.99、0.99和0.98;R法测定的EC浓度显著低于多角度吸收光度计(MAAP)测定的BC浓度.当BC8μg·m-3时,EC/BC为0.39,而当BC8μg·m-3,EC/BC为0.88.EC与BC变化趋势相近,但浓度值存在系统误差.     

沼液SBR处理出水养殖螺旋藻

养猪沼液氮磷等营养物质丰富,可作为廉价的螺旋藻培养基,但其成分复杂,尤其是高氨氮等因素严重抑制螺旋藻的生长.采用序批式生物反应器(sequencing batch reactor,SBR)降低沼液中的氨氮浓度,通过改变进水中化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,COD)与总氮(total nitrogen,TN)的比值,研究了沼液中的亚硝态氮及硝态氮的保留情况,为螺旋藻生长提供氮源.通过对比螺旋藻在不同工况出水中的生长情况,以及氮元素的保留情况,筛选出最佳SBR工况.摇瓶试验结果表明,当进水COD/TN=3.0,出水中氨氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮浓度分别为51.2、91.6、213.1 mg·L~(-1),此时螺旋藻具有较快生长速率,产率达到0.084 g·(L·d)~(-1).在此基础之上,通过放大螺旋藻培养规模至120L,研究了螺旋藻在室外大棚中的生长情况及螺旋藻对沼液中氮、磷元素的去除,结果表明螺旋藻在室外依然生长良好,培养10 d后,产率为(0.075±0.003)g·(L·d)~(-1),螺旋藻蛋白含量达到60%左右,养殖出水中氨氮去除率达到99%.     

用于滤膜称重的饱和氯化镁溶液恒湿系统搭建与评估

目前中国大气颗粒物污染严重,许多颗粒物测量工作使用基于滤膜采样的重量分析法,滤膜称重过程的质量保障至关重要.本文搭建了一套具有恒湿能力的滤膜平衡称重箱(1.2 m×0.6 m×0.8 m)并自制流量控制系统用于平衡和称量滤膜.通过测试空白滤膜和负载大气颗粒物的滤膜在不同相对湿度下的质量变化确定了30%~40%的平衡相对湿度并选用饱和氯化镁溶液控制称重箱内的相对湿度.用20 L·min~(-1)的干燥气通过装有饱和氯化镁溶液的恒湿箱,再将平衡后的气体通入平衡称重箱使其相对湿度达到稳定,随后用5 L·min~(-1)的流量维持.通过一个月的测试表明,系统在称重箱外相对湿度变化较大时,仍可维持称重箱内相对湿度在30.1%~34.0%之间.使用该恒湿系统称量60张滤膜,恒湿3次后称量的偏差均值不超过±0.02mg.相比于其他恒湿系统,这套系统具有简单、稳定、易于维护和成本低的特点.     

CSTR和MBR反应器的短程硝化快速启动

为实现短程硝化的快速启动,采用完全混合反应器(CSTR)和膜生物反应器(MBR)进行短程硝化启动性能对比研究,考察两个反应器在启动时间、氮素转化和污泥性能3个方面的差异.结果表明在进水C/N=1,温度为30℃±1℃,pH为7.5~8.0,DO为0.6~1.0 mg·L~(-1),结合缺氧/好氧比为1∶3(15 min∶45 min)和缩短HRT,CSTR和MBR分别运行56 d和44 d成功启动短程硝化,MBR启动周期较短.运行至第14 d、第28 d和第56 d时,CSTR和MBR亚硝累积率平均为51%、66%、89%和50%、71%、93%,硝酸盐氮生成速率(以NO_3~--N/MLVSS计)依次为7.4、4.0、1.7和7.6、3.5、1.0 mg·(g·h)~(-1),MBR在第28 d和第56 d表现出较高的亚硝累积率和较低的NO_3~--N产率,有利于短程硝化的快速启动.整个运行过程中,两个反应器内的亚硝化污泥均呈黄色,SVI在55~110 mL·g~(-1),MLVSS/MLSS稳定在0.6~0.8左右,良好的污泥性能为CSTR和MBR短程硝化的快速启动创造了有利条件.MBR在短程硝化快速启动中展现出更明显的优势.     

生物膜脱氮滤池的微生物群落结构特性

为探究生物膜脱氮滤池脱氮效能差异的微生物因素,设置组1(包括接种污泥、稳定期滤料、反冲洗后滤料微生物变化)和组2(包括反冲洗前滤料、反冲洗后不同时间段滤料微生物变化)两组实验,通过高通量测序,研究不同阶段微生物群落结构、丰度和多样性的分布情况.结果表明:接种污泥与滤料表面微生物群落结构和多样性在门水平下差异不大,但在属水平下差异显著,而相对丰度在两种分类水平下始终差异显著.反冲洗后0～4 h滤料表面微生物的OTU数目、Shannon指数、Chao1指数变化,在滤池30 cm处先升后降,而在60 cm处曲折上升,也即二者的微生物丰度和多样性变化趋势.反冲洗前后Proteobacteria始终占主导地位,相对丰度为79%～90%,Proteobacteria中Betaproteobacteria占主导优势,反冲洗后Betaproteobacteria数量相对减少,后逐渐恢复.总反硝化优势菌属相对丰度在反冲洗1 h后30 cm处由78%左右下降到70%左右,60 cm处由68%左右下降到64%左右,此时出水总氮达到最高值7.7 mg·L~(-1),之后总反硝化优势菌属及出水TN浓度逐渐恢复至正常水平,这种消长变化表明滤池脱氮效果与总反硝化优势菌属相对丰度密切相关,滤池运行状态的改变使得反硝化优势菌属的群落结构差异显著.     

咪唑氯盐离子液体对蚯蚓急性毒性及体重影响研究

采用OECD标准滤纸接触法和人工土壤法,研究了3种离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐([Bmim]Cl)、1-己基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐([Hmim]Cl)、1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐([Omim]Cl)对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)的急性致死作用,并测定亚慢性暴露试验下蚯蚓的体重变化.滤纸接触法测得[Bmim]Cl、[Hmim]Cl、[Omim]Cl对蚯蚓24 h的半致死浓度(LC50)分别为109.60、50.38、7.94μg.cm-2;48 h的LC50分别为98.52、39.14、3.61μg.cm-2.人工土壤法得到[Bmim]Cl、[Hmim]Cl、[Omim]Cl对蚯蚓7 d的LC50分别为447.78、245.56、180.51 mg.kg-1,14 d的LC50分别288.42、179.75、150.35 mg.kg-1.蚯蚓在3种离子液体作用下表现出不同的中毒症状.3种离子液体对蚯蚓的生长表现出不同程度的抑制作用,体重随着浓度增加而下降.离子液体对蚯蚓毒性随着碳链长度的增加而增大.     

应用ANFIS预测蠕虫反应器的污泥减量速率并优化其运行条件

利用水生蠕虫的捕食作用可以有效地实现污泥减量.为了研究环境条件波动对蠕虫捕食污泥减量效率的影响,应用自适应神经模糊推理系统(ANFIS)和人工神经网络(ANN)模型分别预测蠕虫反应器的污泥减量速率.结果表明,溶解氧浓度(D0)、温度(T)、蠕虫密度和污泥负荷是蠕虫捕食过程的主要影响因素,通过性能比较得出ANFIS模型预测值与实验测定值间具有更好的一致性,其相关系数(r)为0.82,绝对平均误差百分比(MAPE)为71.5％,均方根误差(RMSE)为16.7.根据ANFIS模型的预测结果,得出蠕虫反应器的最适运行条件为:DO 1.8 ～3.1mg·L-1,温度18.4～21.7℃,蠕虫密度低于1.7 g·cm-2(以湿重计),污泥负荷563～734 mg·g-1(以TSS计),在此操作条件下获得的污泥减量速率均高于100 mg· g-1·d-1.