两段式曝气对好氧颗粒污泥脱氮性能的影响

基于4个不同进水条件的小试实验探究,得出所接种好氧颗粒污泥表面异养菌在曝气初期阶段大量消耗碳源,对于NO-2-N和NO_3~--N的反硝化效率较低.为此,实验在常温(20~23℃)条件下,在同一周期内先采用低曝气量曝气之后再用高曝气量曝气的两段式曝气方式运行好氧颗粒污泥SBR反应器,低曝气量时长分别取1、2、3 h这3个阶段分别运行,并运用扫描电镜(SEM)和荧光原位杂交技术(FISH)对颗粒污泥进行分析,结果表明AGS粒径增大,反硝化能力提升,NO-2-N的反硝化速率(以LVSS计)在低曝气时长为2 h时升至最高,达9.66 mg·(g·h)~(-1).亚硝态氮积累率不断升高至77.84%,总氮去除率最高达70%.颗粒污泥内部孔隙增多,且细菌多以球菌、椭球状及杆菌为主,氨氧化菌(AOB)占总菌的比例由13.70%升至15.40%.因此,通过两段式曝气过程实现了短程同步硝化反硝化过程并具有较好的脱氮性能.     

自然型氨基酸及其钾盐的 CO2吸收和再生特性

在CO2吸收过程中,选择具有不挥发和不发生氧化降解特性的氨基酸盐吸收剂有助于降低吸收剂损失和减轻环境污染风险,故本研究以CO2吸收速率和再生速率为指标,对L-精氨酸和精氨酸钾（PA）吸收剂的CO2吸收性能和常压下热再生性能进行了实验分析,并研究了吸收剂质量分数、反应温度及吸收-再生循环次数对CO2吸收特性的影响,同时还与乙醇胺（MEA）、二乙醇胺（DEA）和三乙醇胺（TEA）进行了对比分析.结果表明,在实验的质量分数范围内,PA具有最高的CO2吸收速率和吸收能力,分别为24.5×10-3mol.（L.min）-1和1.99 mol.mol-1,比相同质量分数的MEA高2.1%和290.2%.温度影响结果表明,40℃时PA和MEA的CO2吸收速率均高于其他实验温度.相同再生条件下,PA的贫液CO2负荷要略高于MEA,但PA的再生程度可达72.8%,比MEA高19%.同时,3次＂吸收-再生＂循环之后,10%PA的CO2吸收能力仍可保持在1.03mol.mol-1,比10%MEA高255.2%.实验结果也表明,L-精氨酸具有较强的CO2吸收能力,其CO2吸收速率与同质量分数的DEA可比.     

有机负荷条件对间歇式气提内循环反应器中好氧颗粒污泥形成的影响

在R1、R2和R3共3组气提式内循环序批式反应器中启动好氧颗粒污泥工艺,探讨在无选择压作用下有机负荷对好氧颗粒污泥的形成及稳定性的影响.其中,R1、R2分别以7 kg.(m3.d)-1和3 kg.(m3.d)-1的目标COD负荷直接启动,R3以1.5kg.(m3.d)-1逐步增加至3 kg.(m3.d)-1的递增COD负荷方式启动.结果表明,3组反应器在启动期中均能快速形成好氧颗粒污泥,但以目标负荷启动方式易使好氧颗粒污泥反应器产生丝状菌污泥膨胀.通过对颗粒形成过程、粒径、性质以及胞外多聚物等指标分析,认为递增负荷的启动方式可有效抑制启动初期丝状菌污泥膨胀,且形成的颗粒更为稳定,生物降解效率更高.     

生物陶粒反应器的氢自养反硝化研究

利用氢自养反硝化生物陶粒反应器处理硝酸盐废水,探讨了生物陶粒反应器中氢自养反硝化生物脱氮的实现过程.考察了水力停留时间、进水硝氮负荷、进水pH值、温度、供氢量等因素对反应器脱氮效果的影响.结果表明,当水力停留时间为24 h和48 h时,反应器对硝酸氮的平均去除率分别达到94.54%和97.47%.在水力停留时间为5~16 h时,NO-3-N去除率随水力停留时间的缩短而降低;进水NO-3-N浓度较低时,NO-3-N的降解速率随其浓度的升高而增大,当NO-3-N浓度大于110mg·L-1时,氢自养反硝化反应受到抑制;中偏碱性环境较酸性或碱性环境更利于反应器对硝酸盐的去除;反应器有较宽的温度适应范围,最适温度为25~30℃;当反应器供氢不足时,脱氮效果明显降低,表明了氢自养反硝化菌对氢气利用的专一性.在整个运行阶段,出水中亚硝酸氮浓度一直保持在较低水平.     

环境因子对水蚯蚓呼吸速率的影响研究

水蚯蚓能通过摄食剩余污泥而使污泥减量.因此,本文以颤蚓科蠕虫 (Tubificidae)为研究对象,考察环境因子(水质、水蚯蚓投加量、温度、pH、溶解氧)对水蚯蚓呼吸速率的影响,以探明水蚯蚓生长和新陈代谢的最佳条件,揭示环境因子影响水蚯蚓污泥减量的机理.结果表明,水蚯蚓在"水蚯蚓-微生物"共生系统污泥减量装置出水中的呼吸速率最大,为81.72 mg·g^-1·h^-1·L^-1(以单位体积内每g干重水蚯蚓每小时消耗的O₂质量计(mg)),在蒸馏水中的呼吸速率最小,仅为18.31 mg·g^-1·h^-1·L^-1;在容积为1 L的系统中,水蚯蚓呼吸速率随着投加量增加而逐渐减小,当水蚯蚓投加量为0.25 g (以湿重计)时,呼吸速率最大,为81.72 mg·g^-1·h^-1·L^-1;在8~22℃范围内,水蚯蚓呼吸速率随温度升高而增大,在22~30℃范围内趋势则相反;当pH=8.00±0.05时呼吸速率最大,比其他pH值条件下测得的呼吸速率高1倍多;溶解氧在3.5~4.5 mg·L^-1范围内,水蚯蚓的呼吸速率较高,在此溶解氧范围之外时,水蚯蚓呼吸速率均较低. 该研究结果可为污泥减量中水蚯蚓的培养和应用提供可靠的理论依据,从内在层次上揭示了环境因子影响水蚯蚓生长及代谢,进而影响污泥减量的本质原因.     

汽油在西北黄土上吸附特性的研究

通过动力学和热力学吸附实验,研究了汽油在西北地区黄土上的吸附行为,同时研究了提取的天然腐植酸对汽油在黄土上吸附行为的影响.结果表明,汽油在黄土上的吸附在6h内达到平衡.无论是否加入腐植酸,汽油在黄土上的吸附动力学过程均符合Elovich方程,其热力学吸附符合Freundlich方程.腐植酸的存在使汽油在黄土上的吸附能力减小.反应温度从25℃升高到45 C,汽油在土壤上的饱和吸附量从6.300mg·g-1减小到1.365 mg·g-1,表明汽油在黄土上的吸附属于放热反应.溶液pH和土壤粒径的增大,均不利于汽油在黄土上的吸附,溶液pH和土壤粒径越大,其在黄土上的吸附量越小.另外,在室温下对吸附了汽油的土壤样品和纯汽油挥发行为的研究表明,吸附了汽油的土壤样品的汽油挥发比纯汽油慢,其挥发率与时间成对数关系.     

零价铁对脱色希瓦氏菌S12偶氮还原的促进作用

以脱色希瓦氏菌(Shewanella decolorationis)S12为实验菌株,研究了零价铁(ZVI)存在条件下微生物的厌氧偶氮还原特性及其最佳反应条件.结果表明,ZVI可显著促进菌株S12的厌氧偶氮还原速率.培养30 h后含有20 mmol.L-1微米级ZVI和S12菌的培养体系中,菌株S12对1 mmol.L-1苋菜红的脱色率达100%,比不含ZVI的S12菌培养体系和只含ZVI的体系的偶氮还原率分别提高了23.16%和94.66%;在额外含20 mmol.L-1甲酸钠的培养体系中,ZVI的存在也使S12菌对苋菜红的脱色率提高了20.54%.此外,ZVI的存在可显著提高培养体系对偶氮染料的耐受能力.在投加ZVI和菌株S12培养体系中,连续批量投加浓度为1 mmol.L-1的苋菜红可在276 h内实现11次有效脱色,而不含ZVI的S12菌培养体系中只能实现3次有效脱色.进一步的研究发现,ZVI与菌株S12协同培养体系的最适反应pH为9.0,最适ZVI投加量为60 mmol.L-1.与毫米级和纳米级ZVI颗粒相比,微米级ZVI颗粒具有更强的促进作用.本研究结果将为利用ZVI协同促进偶氮染料的生物治理效果提供科学参数.     

Synthesis and characterization of agricultural controllable humic acid superabsorbent

Humic acid superabsorbent polymer (P(AA/AM-HA)) and superabsorbent polymer (P(AA/AM)) were synthesized by aqueous solution polymerization method using acrylic acid (AA), acrylamide (AM) and humic acid (HA) as raw material. The effects of N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) crosslinking agent, potassium peroxydisulfate (KPS) initiator, reaction temperature, HA content, ratio of AA to AM, concentration of monomer and neutralization of AA on water absorption were investigated. Absorption and desorption ratios of nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer were also investigated by determination of absorption and desorption ratio of NH₄⁺, PO₄^3- on P(AA/AM-HA) and P(AA/AM). The P(AA/AM-HA) and P(AA/AM) were characterized by Fourier translation infrared spectroscopy, biological photomicroscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The optimal conditions obtained were as follows: the weight ratio of MBA to AA and AM was 0.003; the weight ratio of KPS to AA and AM was 0.008; the weight ratio of HA to AA was 0.1; the mole ratio of AM to AA is 0.1; the mole ratio of NaOH to AA is 0.9; the reaction temperature was 60℃. P(AA/AMHA) synthesized under optimal conditions, has a good saline tolerance, its water absorbency in distilled water and 0.9 wt.% saline solution is 1180 g/g and 110 g/g, respectively. P(AA/AM-HA) achieves half saturation in 6.5 min. P(AA/AM-HA) is superior to P(AA/AM) on absorption of NH₄⁺, PO₄^3-. The SEM micrograph of P(AA/AM-HA) shows a fine alveolate structure. The biological optical microscope micrograph of P(AA/AM-HA) shows a network structure. Graft polymerization between P(AA/AM) and HA was demonstrated by infrared spectrum. The P(AA/AM-HA) superabsorbent has better absorbing ability of water and fertilizer, electrolytic tolerance and fewer cost than P(AA/AM) superabsorbent.     

Quantitative analysis of microbial biomass yield in aerobic bioreactor

We have studied the integrated model of reaction rate equations with thermal energy balance in aerobic bioreactor for food waste decomposition and showed that the integrated model has the capability both of monitoring microbial activity in real time and of analyzing biodegradation kinetics and thermal-hydrodynamic properties. On the other hand, concerning microbial metabolism, it was known that balancing catabolic reactions with anabolic reactions in terms of energy and electron flow provides stoichiometric metabolic reactions and enables the estimation of microbial biomass yield (stoichiometric reaction model). We have studied a method for estimating real-time microbial biomass yield in the bioreactor during food waste decomposition by combining the integrated model with the stoichiometric reaction model. As a result, it was found that the time course of microbial biomass yield in the bioreactor during decomposition can be evaluated using the operational data of the bioreactor (weight of input food waste and bed temperature) by the combined model. The combined model can be applied to manage a food waste decomposition not only for controlling system operation to keep microbial activity stable, but also for producing value–added products such as compost on optimum condition.     

Degradation of monofluorophenols in water irradiated with gaseous plasma

Decomposition of aqueous monofluorophenols (MFPs) was investigated by contact glow discharge electrolysis (CGDE). During CGDE, both MFPs and the corresponding total organic carbon (TOC) in water were consumed smoothly, suggesting that carbon atoms of benzene nucleus could be eventually mineralized to inorganic carbon (IC). And all the fluorine atoms in the MFPs were equally converted to fluoride ions. Based on the primary intermediates from each starting materials, it showed that aromatic hydroxylation preferentially occurred at the para- or ortho- position to the phenolic OH group of each MFPs. The disappearance of both MFPs and TOC followed the first-order rate law. The apparent rate constants for the decay of MFPs were independent from the pK_a values of MFPs.