Experimental thermal storage research of organic binary phase change materials in building environment

This paper aims to reveal the heat transfer mechanism of low-temperature phase change material (PCM) and design PCM heat storage device in building heating environment. Firstly, low-temperature binary PCMs of lauric acid and stearic acid are prepared, and their thermal properties are investigated by DSC. Then, shell and tube latent heat thermal energy storage units are conducted, and heat transfer experiments are carried out to analyze the heat transfer mechanism of PCM. The results demonstrate that natural convection plays an important role in heat transfer process, and the heat storage efficiency of PCMs can be significantly enhanced by increasing the fin width and improving the inlet heat transfer fluid (HTF) temperature. Furthermore, some proposals are put forward to guide the design of PCM storage device in building heating environment.     

A comprehensive review of the energy efficiency on nano coated fin and tube condenser

The condenser is a piece of equipment used to effectively transfer heat from water to the environment. The fin and tube condenser is the most commonly used in commercial applications. The improved performance of heat transfer in the fin and tube condenser is a significant area of study all over the world because optimizing the efficiency of heat transfer in the condenser will contribute to enhancing the effectiveness of system performance. The vapor deposition, plasma spray, and thermal spray techniques are being used, and it is determined that a heat transfer enhancing coating improves condenser performance. This review discusses the nanomaterial coating over the fin and tube condenser in detail. The various nanomaterial coatings with various propositions and coating methods had been discussed with the evidence of previous researchers. At a 50-degree inclination angle on the condensate plate, the condensate over the coating surface increases by more than 30%. The thermal properties of the working fluid are improved over the condenser, and the overall effectiveness of the condenser is increased by approximately 40% over the non-coated condenser. A 1% volumetric concentration of Nanoparticles in the coated material achieves a maximum efficiency increase of 78.7%.     

锯齿形翅片对喷管流动及噪声特性的影响分析

喷注噪声理论表明,改变喷口形状会使喷注噪声发生改变.针对发动机排气系统,设计了锥型啧管及锯齿形出口的锥形喷管,建立相应的喷注射流模型,利用数值手段对2种喷管进行啧注流场分析和噪声预测,研究锯齿形翅片对流动和噪声特性带来的影响.     

An adaptive plan for prioritizing road sections for fencing to reduce animal mortality

Mortality of animals on roads is a critical threat to many wildlife populations and is poised to increase strongly because of ongoing and planned road construction. If these new roads cannot be avoided, effective mitigation measures will be necessary to stop biodiversity decline. Fencing along roads effectively reduces roadkill and is often used in combination with wildlife passages. Because fencing the entire road is not always possible due to financial constraints, high-frequency roadkill areas are often identified to inform the placement of fencing. We devised an adaptive fence-implementation plan to prioritize road sections for fencing. In this framework, areas along roads of high, moderate, and low levels of animal mortality (respectively, roadkill hotspots, warmspots, and coldspots) are identified at multiple scales (i.e., in circles of different diameters [200–2000 m] in which mortality frequency is measured). Fence deployment is based on the relationship between the amount of fencing being added to the road, starting with the strongest roadkill hotspots, and potential reduction in road mortality (displayed in mortality-reduction graphs). We applied our approach to empirical and simulated spatial patterns of wildlife–vehicle collisions. The scale used for analysis affected the number and spatial extent of roadkill hot-, warm-, and coldspots. At fine scales (e.g., 200 m), more hotspots were identified than at coarse scales (e.g., 2000 m), but combined the fine-scale hotspots covered less road and less fencing was needed to reduce road mortality. However, many short fences may be less effective in practice due to a fence-end effect (i.e., animals moving around the fence more easily), resulting in a trade-off between few long and many short fences, which we call the FLOMS (few-long-or-many-short) fences trade-off. Thresholds in the mortality-reduction graphs occurred for some roadkill patterns, but not for others. Thresholds may be useful to consider when determining road-mitigation targets. The existence of thresholds at multiple scales and the FLOMS trade-off have important implications for biodiversity conservation.     

空气作用张开式尾翼设计及仿真

目的 适配发射过程无火药气体且弹丸不自旋的电磁发射技术,设计一种直接由空气作用的张开式尾翼。方法 该尾翼预制斜角,通过进气道气流在斜面上产生的压差,推动尾翼绕螺钉打开。采用动网格技术耦合流体控制方程、六自由度(6DOF)方程,对不同马赫数下尾翼张开过程进行仿真。结果 设计的空气作用张开式尾翼在流场作用下可以正常张开,来流流速为2、3、4马赫时,张开耗时分别为4.7、3.7、3.1 s。结论 该空气作用张开式尾翼方案设计有效。马赫数越高,张开过程耗时越短。迎风面积显著影响尾翼张开过程。     

肋片式换热器的有限元热应力分析

利用ANSYS有限元分析软件对肋片式换热器首先进行热分析,获得温度场温度扩展分布云图,得出温度在管道周围的值最大,最大值是78.76℃;通过定义路径分析了沿着肋片径向及管道高度内壁方向上的温度分布情况,得到相应的曲线和温度分布云图;之后在热分析的基础上,利用ANSYS软件中的间接法进行热应力分析,获得热应力的分布情况,最大热应力值发生在管道外壁与蒸汽管道连接部位,其值为40.19MPa;最后根据JB4732-95《钢制压力容器分析设计标准》进行相应的应力评定后,证明该肋片换热器是安全可靠的,可以应用在实际工程生产中。     

Histological observation on unique phenotypes of malformation induced in Xenopus tropicalis larvae by tributyltin

Tributyltin (TBT), a biocide used in antifouling paints, has shown strong teratogenic effects on Xenopus tropicalis embryos at environmentally relevant concentrations. X. tropicalis embryos were exposed to 50, 100 and 200 ng/L tributyltin chloride for 72 hr. The histological changes were further observed on abnormal eyes, enlarged trunks, enlarged proctodaeums and absence of fins induced by TBT. The lens and the retinal layers of abnormal eyes were slightly or barely differentiated, and that the pigment epithelium was neither continuous nor smooth. The abdomens were full of undifferentiated gut tissue with yolk-rich inclusions in the tadpoles with enlarged trunks. The proctodaeums formed a bump-like or columnar structure. The mass of yolk-rich cells occupied the lumen, blocked the opening and even turned inside out of the proctodaeum. Both the ventral and dorsal fins in trunks and tails became narrow or even disappeared totally. Our results suggest that great changes of histology took place corresponding to the unique phenotypes. The gut tissue was poorly differentiated, which led to the failed elongation of the guts and subsequently the enlarged trunks. The enlarged proctodaeums were due to the undifferentiation of inner layer, the expansion of outer epidermal part and the absence of fins around them. In brief, the histological observations provided insights into the reason of the unique external malformations in some degree.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

间接制冷换热器除霜方案研究

目的对以载冷剂为冷媒,用于极端低温气候环境实验室的换热器的除霜问题进行研究,获得可行的除霜设计方案。方法从抑霜和融霜两个方面出发,设计包含变片距结霜换热器的内融霜和外融霜两种除霜方案,并搭建实验台对除霜方案进行实验研究。结果变片距结霜换热器迎风面结霜严重,背风面轻度结霜,内融霜可在3.5 min完成,而外融霜需要2倍的时间。内融霜结束后继续加热换热器,并配合新风置换可在20 min内除去化霜后的附着水。结论变片距结霜换热器能够有效对来流空气进行预除湿,抑制主换热器结霜,内融霜效果最好且目前以蒸汽为热源、内融霜为主、新风吹扫为辅的除霜系统已应用于大型气候环境实验室。