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971.
Thomas S. Maddock Walter G. Hines 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1995,31(2):317-329
ABSTRACT: Most southwestern cities were founded along rivers or in areas having springs or readily available ground water. Because of the generally sparse precipitation, the renewable fresh water supply in the Southwest is smaller than most other areas of the United States. Despite the arid climate, water use has increased rapidly, first in the form of irrigation, and more recently the use in cities. This has caused extensive development of local water resources and overdraft of ground water basins in some areas. It is difficult to implement new local supplies and importation projects due to a myriad of environmental and legal constraints and a general shortage of public funds. Various opportunities and plans for water management, both on the demand and supply sides, are discussed. Evolving water strategies in four metropolitan areas - El Paso, Albuquerque, Las Vegas, and Phoenix - and issues regarding the Central Arizona Project are presented. 相似文献
972.
应用大鼠全胚胎培养方法探讨偏钒酸铵的致畸作用及其机理 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文通过NH4VO3体外大鼠全胚胎培养致畸实验研究,发现NH4VO3对大鼠胚胎具有直接胚胎毒性和致畸性,且具有显的剂量一反应和时间一效应关系,其作用机理可能与卵黄囊的功能受到钒化物的损害有关。 相似文献
973.
Elizabeth W. Sulzman Karen A. Poiani Timothy G. F. Kittel 《Environmental management》1995,19(2):197-224
The rapid increase in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases has caused concern because of their potential to alter
the earth's radiation budget and disrupt current climate patterns While there are many uncertainties associated with use of
general circulation models (GCMs), GCMs are currently the best available technology to project changes in climate associated
with elevated gas concentrations. Results indicate increases in global temperature and changes in global precipitation patterns
are likely as a result of doubled CO2.
GCMs are not reliable for use at the regional scale because local scale processes and geography are not taken into account.
Comparison of results from five GCMs in three regions of the United States indicate high variability across regions and among
models depending on season and climate variable. Statistical methods of scaling model output and nesting finer resolution
models in global models are two techniques that may improve projections.
Despite the many limitations in GCMs, they are useful tools to explore climate-earth system dynamics when used in conjunction
with water resource and ecosystem models. A variety of water resource models showed significant alteration of regional hydrology
when run with both GCM-generated and hypothetical climate scenarios, regardless of region or model complexity. Similarly,
ecological models demonstrate the sensitivity of ecosystem production, nutrient dynamics, and distribution to changes in climate
and CO2 levels.
We recommend the use of GCM-based scenarios in conjunction with water resource and ecosystem models to guide environmental
management and policy in a “no-regrets” framework or as part of a precautionary approach to natural resource protection. 相似文献
974.
气田开发对环境的影响 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:3
气田开采会对地层造成破坏,引起地面下沉甚至诱发地震灾害;钻井液会对土壤、农作物、地下水造成危害;井下作业废液会对周围环境造成污染;气田水会对农作物、水生生物、地下水、人体健康造成危害;含硫的天然气净化过程排出的二氧化硫对树木、人体健康造成危害,并形成酸雨,对环境造成更大的危害。本文以四川气田及国外油气田为实例对上述危害逐一论述,这些对油气田环境保护工作者有一定的借鉴作用。 相似文献
975.
Trevor C. Hughes 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1984,20(5):739-746
Although the volume of potable water used at recreation developments is minor relative to total regional water use, very high quality is required and the source is often of limited capacity, such as a mountain spring or small local aquifer. Frequent confrontations between developers and regulatory agencies result from claims by developers that water demand will be very small while regulators tend to treat such developments the same as municipal residence. Almost no published data base exists for resolving such conflicts. Included here are: 1) Water use measurements of various peak period durations (seasonal, monthly, daily, and instantaneous) at several types of recreational developments in Utah and Wyoming (mountain cabins, both ski- and water-based condominiums, and recreation vehicle campgrounds), 2) statistical (frequency) analysis of the data and a comparison with municipal demands in the same region, and 3) analysis of occupancy rates at the various categories of developments. 相似文献
976.
采用单因子评价法和Spearman秩相关系数评价法,对2008—2017年苏州沿江三市(张家港、常熟、太仓)主要入江支流水质变化特征进行分析。结果表明,苏州沿江三市的入江支流水质总体好转,张家港市入江支流水质明显好转,太仓市入江支流水质有所好转,常熟市入江支流水质总体保持稳定;NH3-N、COD和BOD5是影响入江支流水质的主要污染指标;主要污染指标优Ⅲ类比例总体呈上升趋势,但2014—2016年有所下降。2017年沿江三市入江支流水质总体处于Ⅲ类水平。 相似文献
977.
James G. Thompson Michael Parker William Templin Robert R. Reynolds 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1993,29(3):425-433
ABSTRACT: This paper reviews the processes that occurred during an application of the Metropolitan Water District (MWD)-MAIN water use forecasting system for the City of Salinas, California. The review includes an analysis of sources of available data, methods for estimating input data, calibration, and verification of the MWD-MAIN System, and an evaluation of the reliability of system output. We found that inexperienced users can have difficulty understanding the level of skill, knowledge, and amount of data that are required to produce reliable forecasts. Some of the issues associated with application of the MWD-MAIN System include the following:
- ? All input data needed for accurate forecasts simply are not available for many cities and towns.
- ? The data requirements are more extensive than many users anticipate.
- ? Substantial requirements for manipulation of input data produces opportunity for error that creates major time demands in troubleshooting.
- ? Calibration and verification for specific uses can be substantially more difficult than is readily apparent from the guidance manual.
- ? Independent validity checks need to be done to validate system output.
- ? If specified calibrating procedures do not produce reasonable results, reestimating slope coefficients is an option, but this requires resources and expertise that can easily exceed the limits of most users.
978.
化学需氧量(COD)测定法的现状及最新进展 总被引:23,自引:0,他引:23
化学需氧量(COD)是水质监测的一个重要参数,本文对化学需氧量的测定现状和最新进展作了简要评述。 相似文献
979.
980.