EVALUATING THE PERSISTENCE OF RESIDENTIAL WATER CONSERVATION: A 1992–1997 PANEL STUDY OF A WATER UTILITY PROGRAM IN DELAWARE1

This study systematically evaluates residential consumer responses to a utility conservation initiative based on an econometric analysis of a sample of 510 households served by Artesian Water Company, Inc. (New Castle County of Delaware). Using a panel study approach covering the period from 1992 to 1997, this study shows that Artesian's water conservation program has had statistically significant and persistent impacts on residential water consumption.     

Populations of orchids at the northern limit of their distribution (Murmansk Oblast): Effect of climate

The effect of climatic conditions on the dynamics of 21 populations of 10 species of the family Orchidaceae at the northern limit of their range in Europe was studied between 1992 and 2004. The abundance of orchid populations proved to depend primarily on air temperature during the previous and current growing seasons.     

应对二氧化碳浓度上升问题的研究:CO_2的捕获、储存与利用

为了缓解日益严重的CO2浓度升高导致的温室效应等环境问题,针对各国CO2过量排放与温室效应逐渐加剧的现状,讨论传统CO2减排方法与CO2的捕获、储存与利用(CCSU)的优缺点和优势互补,论述针对大型CO2排放点的减排措施——CCSU的必要性。对CCSU进行系统的介绍和认识,并对CCSU所包含的各种捕获技术、储存技术以及利用技术的特点进行对比和分析,论述其适用范围、地域和经济因素。结合国外一些现有的应用CO2的先进技术和经验,对CO2的捕获与利用的联用作出分析和展望。尤其是CO2的化工利用具有广阔的研发和发展前景,CO2EOR(CO2提高采收率技术)在技术和经济上具有实际应用意义。为新型环保型能源体系的建设提供参考。     

温室效应对中国岩溶发育的影响

全球温室效应正在缓慢地进行。本文首次探讨气候变暖对岩溶发育环境的影响，并预测了大气ＣＯ２浓度加倍时中国南北方碳酸盐岩化学溶蚀速率。     

从锦纶6生产废水中回收己内酰胺技术的改进

采用三效蒸发－间歇蒸馏技术,从锦纶６生产装置的萃取废水中回收已内酰胺。通过对三效蒸发工艺澈听改进,降低了蒸发冷凝水中已内酰胺单体含量,使蒸发冷凝水全部回用于萃取系统,萃取废水已内酰胺单体的回收率达到９９％。     

Water Resource Potential in Northern India: Constraints and Analyses of Price and Non-Price Solutions

The paper examines the linkages between water depletion, continuous population growth and economic development viewed primarily as agricultural development. This is done within a framework of a dynamic simulation model of ecological-economic type over extended periods of time. It is found that intensive agriculture, driven by an increase in the cropping intensity as a result of increase in area under paddy crop, has led to an increased gap between the demand for and supply of water resources, in particular subsurface resources. The consequent fall in water table may lead to constraints in the use of water. This has strong inequity implications in the resource use as well as threats to future of agricultural development in the region. It is revealed that a mix of interventions based on price solutions, non-price solutions and institutional set up are decisive in bringing a sustainable development and use of resource. The paper concludes with emphasising the role of state/government in achieving the desired goal.     

ALTERNATIVE FUTURES USING THE WOLLMAN-BONEM MODELS1

Alternative futures are defined to be mutually consistent alternative combinations of assumed sets of future conditions. Alternative futures are employed in conjunction with the Wollman-Bonem model to project future water use. The model solutions under different alternative futures provide an indication of the direction and relative magnitude of changes in water use, both in quantity and quality, that may result from changes in policy-influenced variables, technology, and other data. The Wollman-Bonem model is employed in this paper as a tool to illustrate the alternative futures concept. The model can best be cast as an economic model. The model solutions are not given as a set of formal projections, but as various possible water-use-over-time curves. This should aid in disspelling the erroneous idea that it is possible to make distant projections of water use as a single curve. Multiple curves suggest that water use is really a function of many variables.     

控制温室效应的战略选择

尽管人类对温室效应和全球变化的认识还是很不充分的，但是继续拖延不采取措施是危险的，采取对抗温室效应和全球变化的措施是行不通的。只有在继续进行全球性科学研究的同时，积极寻求适应一定程度全球变化的措施，并立即着手减少温室气体的排放才是唯一明智的态度。化石能源是人类社会生存和发展的基础，既使用化石能源，又不排放二氧化碳是不可能是。首要的任务是减少化石能源的使用。     

RURAL RESIDENTIAL WATER DEMAND: AN ECONOMETRIC AND SIMULATION ANALYSIS1

ABSTRACT: This study proposes that demand management through pricing policies can be used in conjunction with supply management to solve water supply problems. Economic principles are shown to apply to rural residential water use. A demand function for water was developed based on cross-sectional water use data collected in Kentucky. Price was found to be a significant determinant of the quantity of water demanded. A constant price elasticity of -0.92 was found. The demand function was used in a simulation analysis to determine reservoir capacity needed to supply water needs of a rural community. The simulation revealed that price can significantly affect required reservoir storage.     

AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF WATER CONSERVATION POLICY1

Water conservation is a much emphasized policy of the Federal government. Discussion of water conservation proposals often involves confusion between a conservation “ethic,” which is an end in itself, and conservation as a means for attaining various economic objectives. Analysis indicates that outside of ground water “mining.” water is usually a renewable and reusable resource. During periods of normal precipitation, water conservation should be employed only when the value of the water saved exceeds the cost of effecting the savings. Water conservation is most valuable as a drought contingency tactic. Water conservation as a substitute for structural provision to meet normal water demand growth is apt to prove shortsighted.