精细化工园区绿色发展研究：以杭州湾上虞经济技术开发区为例

近年来化工园区安全环保事故多发，园区生存发展面临极大挑战。深入推进绿色发展，是破解化工园区乃至整个行业发展瓶颈的唯一出路。本文以国内典型的精细化工园区——杭州湾上虞经济技术开发区为例，梳理该园区建设以来在产业发展、安全生产、污染整治方面的创新实践及成效，凝练出具有启示意义的管理与规划特点，以期为其他精细化工园区提供借鉴。实践显示，发展较成熟的化工园区向非化工园区转型难度大且代价高，而化工产业是国民经济的重要支柱，产业向园区集聚发展是趋势所在，科学地实施规划管理，是化工园区绿色发展的首要。化工园区推进绿色发展，宜在充分摸清园区"家底"基础上，强化顶层设计，即：以重点行业清洁生产、循环经济关键技术突破带动全产业链绿色发展；以大企业为核心，构建产品间、企业间协作的动-静脉耦合产业链接和共生网络；建设清洁化、多功能、集中与分散相结合的基础设施组团；构建全过程环境和安全管理体系，提高本质安全；资源环境要素约束倒逼产业结构调整及准入控制。2006-2015年，上虞园区整体实现了经济发展与资源能源消耗及污染物排放的相对脱钩，产生了积极的经济环境效益。其绿色发展实践对其他化工园区具有积极借鉴意义。     

污染源减排对长三角区域冬季细颗粒物污染的敏感性研究

为了进一步精准有效地降低细颗粒物浓度,针对长三角区域细颗粒物PM2.5浓度,选取8个省级区域的5种污染物为减排目标,设定5个基准排放情景,采用CMAQ-DDM敏感性技术分别进行敏感性分析。结果表明,冬季长三角区域PM2.5污染受区域内的4个省级区域一次PM2.5排放影响最大,区域外的排放影响主要来自河南省和山东省的氨气和一次PM2.5。分别削减本地60%一次PM2.5的排放,安徽省PM2.5平均质量浓度下降了23. 24μg/m^3,江苏省下降了18. 32μg/m^3,上海市下降了15. 17μg/m^3,浙江省下降了9. 07μg/m3。综合各省(市)浓度响应曲线,最大排放因子均为本地一次PM2.5,削减20%左右存在敏感性最大值,削减60%之后浓度曲线趋于平缓,其他因子削减40%以后PM2.5浓度下降逐渐明显,对最后一位排放因子的响应则比较平缓。     

孔径对微孔曝气充氧性能的影响

孔径是微孔曝气产品最重要的参数之一,研究孔径对微孔曝气氧传质的影响对于提高微孔曝气器充氧性能有重要意义。本研究在1.5 m水深条件下对不同大小孔径的钟罩型塑料微孔曝气器充氧性能进行评价。结果发现,在实验条件下,微孔曝气器的阻力损失RL、标准氧总转移系数KLas、标准氧转移速率SOTR,标准氧转移效率SOTE及理论动力效率E随孔径增大而显著减小。     

京津冀地区环境空气PM2.5自动监测现场比对研究

采用手工采样器对京津冀地区环境空气PM2.5自动监测数据进行现场比对,依据自动仪器与手工仪器数据的相对偏差来评价自动监测数据质量.研究发现,京津冀地区PM2.5自动监测数据质量总体较好,2013年较2012年有所提高.各城市PM2.5自动监测与手工监测数据的相对偏差之间差异较大,相对偏差绝对值的平均值的波动范围为4.3％ ～29.5％.当PM2.5浓度较低时,相对偏差在±25％范围内的数据比例较小,低浓度时的数据质量应引起重视.     

Fine atmospheric particles emitted by industrial,traffic and urban sources in France: characterization and genotoxicity

Health risks associated with inhalation of fine particulate matter of 2.5 µm in diameter or smaller depend on their atmospheric levels and physicochemical properties. The relationships between chemical compositions and genotoxic activities of particles emitted by mineral industries, traffic and urban sources during summer and winter in the region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (France) were investigated.

The fine particles were separated in respect to water-soluble (13 minerals and metals) and organic-extractable (16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) components that were quantified. The chromosome damaging properties of the hydrophilic and lipophilic extracts were assessed using the centromeric micronucleus assay on a human lung fibroblast cell line.

The composition of the fine particulate matter was variable and depended upon the sources and seasons. Both the hydrophilic and lipophilic extracts induced chromosome damage: (1) in hydrophilic extracts, Ca and Zn affected chromosome losses induction; (2) acenapthylene affected chromosome damage (breakages and losses) induction and naphthalene affected chromosome damage and losses induction in lipophilic extracts without metabolic activation; and (3) benzo[a]pyrene affected chromosome losses induction in lipophilic extracts with metabolic activation. Fine particulate matter arising from coal-fired power station, road traffic, and other urban sources were the most efficient to induce chromosome breakage.     

含铅、镉重金属细颗粒物对几种陆生植物的暴露危害

大气重金属细颗粒物复合污染对陆生植物早期发育及幼苗生长的影响研究近年来成为大气科学与生态毒理学交叉领域研究的热点和难点。通过搭建合理的暴露场景,模拟严重大气污染浓度条件下,含Pb、Cd细颗粒物对黄瓜、小麦、西红柿和玉米4种受试植物出苗、幼苗生长期内茎高和鲜重等生物量的影响。结果显示,暴露处理组4种受试植物陆上部分对Cd元素的吸收增量变化范围为0~0.025 mg·kg-1;对Pb元素的吸收增量变化范围为0.020~0.292 mg·kg-1。暴露处理组4种受试植物出苗抑制率变化范围为0%~30%;茎高抑制率变化范围为-3%~14%;鲜重抑制率变化范围为-12%~3%。由此可见,在试验周期内,含Pb、Cd重金属细颗粒物复合污染对几种植物的陆上部分生物量的抑制作用不明显,甚至有积极的刺激作用。与空白对照组相比,暴露处理仅对小麦出苗抑制产生显著性差异,并显现协同效应。说明几种受试植物在现有暴露环境下,对设定浓度的污染物敏感性较低,受危害程度不大。     

Hollow fiber membrane separation process in the presence of gaseous and particle impurities for post-combustion CO2 capture

The membrane separation process for CO₂ capture can be interfered by the gaseous components and the fine particles in flue gas, especially in desulfurized flue gas. In this work, the pint-sized Polyimide(PI) hollow fiber membrane contactors were self-packed to investigate the membrane CO₂ separation from flue gas containing fine particles and gaseous contaminants (SO₂,SO₃,H₂O). First, the effects of SO₂, SO₃, water vapor, and gypsum particles on the CO₂ capture were studied independently and synergistically. The results showed that the effect of SO₂ on the membrane separation properties is indistinctive; however, the membrane performance was damaged seriously with the addition of SO₃. The high humidity promoted the CO₂ separation initially before inhibiting the PI membrane performance. Moreover, the decrease of the CO₂/N₂ selectivity and the permeation rate were accelerated with the coexistence of SO₂. The membrane performance showed an obvious deterioration in the presence of gypsum particles, with a 21% decrease in the CO₂/N₂ selectivity and 51% decrease in the permeation rate. Furthermore, the gypsum particles exerted dramatic damage. Under the WFGD conditions, the combined effects of SO₂, water vapor, and the gypsum particles influenced the stability of the membrane significantly. This tendency is mainly attributed to the deposition of fine particles and aerosol on the membrane surface, which occupied the effective area and enhanced the mass transfer resistance. This study of impurities’ influence could play an important role in further industrial application of membrane CO₂ capture.     

生物悬浮填料对微孔曝气氧传质影响的中试研究

生物填料在污水处理中常用来增加生物量以提高污水的净化效率,同时生物填料的加入会影响曝气氧转移效率.考察了典型的SPR-1生物悬浮填料在清水中对微孔曝气氧传质过程的影响.结果表明,在水深为6.00 m时,SPR-1生物悬浮填料有助于促进微孔曝气的氧传质,当填料填充率为40％,单位体积通气量为0.755 m3/h时,氧总转移系数(KL a20)和标准氧转移效率(SOTE)提高程度最大,分别为19.32％和5.78％;当水深为2.33 m时,SPR-1生物悬浮填料对微孔曝气氧传质有阻碍作用.在实际污水处理过程中,可以根据水深,调节填料填充率来使填料最大限度地促进氧传质.     

下排气旋风分离器结构优化研究

下排气旋风分离器是一种新型的气固分离装置,但存在对细颗粒夹带严重,导致细颗粒分离效率稍低的现象.采用RNG k-ε湍流模型和拉格朗日坐标系下的离散相模型,对75 t/h循环流化床锅炉的下排气旋风分离器的气固两相流动进行数值研究并提出结构优化措施.结果表明,下排气旋风分离器进口改为减缩型、排气管位置下移并采用圆台入口,对...     

生化/催化铁内循环工艺处理精细化工区污水

在中试规模上研究了采用"催化铁+A/O生化"及"A/O生化/催化铁内循环"工艺处理高有机浓度精细化工区污水的效果及特点。实验证明,催化铁作为生化预处理工艺处理此污水铁填料表面出现结垢及有机物黏附的现象。生化/催化铁内循环工艺对污水CODCr、NH3-N去除率分别为73%、19%,生化/催化铁出水投加少量混凝剂、助凝剂后,C0DCr、BOD5、色度去除率分别为81%、95%、91%;生化/催化铁内循环工艺将催化铁置于生化后可有效提高催化铁反应效率,避免铁填料表面出现结垢及黏附层等现象,内循环可保证催化铁对生化的促进及对水中部分难降解有机物的去除,但此工艺仍存在氨氮去除效果不佳等问题待解决。