缸内直喷汽油车细小颗粒物排放特性研究

选取三辆满足国六排放标准的缸内直喷汽油车进行常温冷启动WLTC循环排放试验,研究不同车辆排放的粒径在23nm以上的固态颗粒物、6nm以上包含挥发性/半挥发性组分的颗粒物数量排放特性,并进行了比较研究.结果发现,在缸内直喷汽油车排放的6~30nm范围内包含挥发性/半挥发性物质的细颗粒物主要产生在WLTC循环减速段､高速段和超高速段;30~2500nm范围的挥发性/半挥发性的颗粒物主要在超高速段生成;其它工况下,23nm以上固态颗粒物在颗粒物数量排放中占主体.试验研究还发现GPF对6~30nm大小的细颗粒物捕集效果不佳,并且GPF再生时会产生高浓度6~30nm大小的细颗粒物排放.颗粒物碳质成分分析表明挥发性/半挥发性细颗粒物对法规测量的23~2500nm颗粒物的数量排放影响甚微,但对颗粒物质量排放影响明显.     

长三角地区一次区域污染过程中细颗粒物的来源解析及其光学特性

为研究长三角地区细颗粒物污染的分布特征及其光学特性,选择在城市(苏州)、郊区(南京)和区域背景站(临安)同时进行PM2.5采集并进行化学分析.这次污染过程中,苏州、南京和临安的PM2.5平均浓度分别达到(169.8±56.5)、(169.9±51.2)和(154.0±54.9)μg·m-3.散度系数分析显示3 个站点气...     

济南市大气细颗粒物中二(口恶)英污染水平及季节变化

2021年对济南市大气PM_2.5中17种2,3,7,8氯取代二(口恶)英(PCDD/Fs)污染现状进行监测。对其异构体分布、指示性单体、季节变化规律等特征及其与常规污染物相关性进行了分析。结果表明:大气PM_2.5中PCDD/Fs浓度范围和年平均值分别为0.157~1.595 pg/m³和0.785 pg/m³,而毒性当量(以I-TEQ计)范围和年平均值分别为0.009~0.116 pg TEQ/m³和0.052 pg TEQ/m³。PCDD/Fs浓度与毒性当量季节变化特征显著,均呈现出冬季>春季>秋季>夏季的情况,可能由季节性排放源和气象条件不同导致。不同季节PCDD/Fs异构体分布模式一致,主要由高氯代(1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF、OCDD、OCDF和1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD)单体组成;而对毒性当量贡献最大的单体是2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF,其与总毒性当量具有较好的相关性。同时,PCDD/Fs浓度与SO₂、NO₂、PM_2.5等大气常规污染物呈显著正相关。这表明,大气PM_2.5中PCDD/Fs与常规污染物的生成和排放密切相关。     

Coprecipitation mechanisms of Zn by birnessite formation and its mineralogy under neutral pH conditions

Birnessite (δ-Mn(IV)O₂) is a great manganese (Mn) adsorbent for dissolved divalent metals. In this study, we investigated the coprecipitation mechanism of δ-MnO₂ in the presence of Zn(II) and an oxidizing agent (sodium hypochlorite) under two neutral pH values (6.0 and 7.5). The mineralogical characteristics and Zn–Mn mixed products were compared with simple surface complexation by adsorption modeling and structural analysis. Batch coprecipitation experiments at different Zn/Mn molar ratios showed a Langmuir-type isotherm at pH 6.0, which was similar to the result of adsorption experiments at pH 6.0 and 7.5. X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption fine structure analysis revealed triple-corner-sharing inner-sphere complexation on the vacant sites was the dominant Zn sorption mechanism on δ-MnO₂ under these experimental conditions. A coprecipitation experiment at pH 6.0 produced some hetaerolite (ZnMn(III)₂O₄) and manganite (γ-Mn(III)OOH), but only at low Zn/Mn molar ratios (< 1). These secondary precipitates disappeared because of crystal dissolution at higher Zn/Mn molar ratios because they were thermodynamically unstable. Woodruffite (ZnMn(IV)₃O₇•2H₂O) was produced in the coprecipitation experiment at pH 7.5 with a high Zn/Mn molar ratio of 5. This resulted in a Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET)-type sorption isotherm, in which formation was explained by transformation of the crystalline structure of δ-MnO₂ to a tunnel structure. Our experiments demonstrate that abiotic coprecipitation reactions can induce Zn–Mn compound formation on the δ-MnO₂ surface, and that the pH is an important controlling factor for the crystalline structures and thermodynamic stabilities.