鄱阳湖典型洲滩湿地植物根系对水分垂向通量的影响

为了定量揭示湿地植物根系的水文效应,采用全物理机制的土壤水分运移数值模型,以鄱阳湖吴城湿地国家自然保护区的茵陈篙群落为例,模拟分析根系引起的水文效应.结果表明,根系将增加土壤饱和含水量与土壤进气值,显著改变土壤水分特征曲线（SWRC）与土壤蓄水能力;在考虑根系影响SWRC下模拟率定的土壤含水量与观测数据的时空变化一致：模型10和50cm观测值与拟合值相关系数由不考虑根系效应下的0.83提高至0.85,10和50cm深度土壤含水量的实测值与模拟值的均方根误差分别减少61%和83%.同时这种率定方法下的模拟相比以往的研究地下水补给根系层水量提高34%;考虑典型的根系效应蒸散发量和累积地下水边界向上通量分别增加10%和150%.而在气候极端干旱条件下地下水向上补给量在根系效应下增加7%~56%,累计差异可达38~312cm,同时蒸散发量增加13%.在植被生长旺季时若地下水埋深较深,则根系效应对蒸散发量的影响会放大.因此在进行相关的湿地生态水文过程和湿地水与物质平衡研究中,建议充分评估湿地植物根系的水文效应,并视计算的工况条件,考虑其水文效应在整个水文过程中的影响.     

污泥焚烧细颗粒物中重金属赋存形态的研究

以沈阳市某污水处理厂剩余污泥为原料,采用小型流化床对污泥进行焚烧,利用布袋和荷电低压颗粒物撞击器（ELPI+）对细颗粒物进行收集,研究焚烧温度、污泥粒径、CaO的添加量对重金属赋存特性和细颗粒物微观形貌的影响,利用热力学软件FactSage7.2研究焚烧过程中重金属化学形态的变化.结果表明,随着焚烧温度的升高,残渣态变化最为明显,Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn 5种重金属的残渣态增幅均在15%以上,其中重金属Cd的变化最为明显,残渣态增幅高达29%.随着污泥粒径的增大,矿物质和焦炭颗粒的破碎程度减小,最终以矿物质和焦炭破碎为来源的一些粒径较大的细颗粒物数量增加.此外,总体上重金属的赋存形态随着粒径的增加向着稳定的趋势发展.在焚烧过程中CaO是可以作为颗粒之间良好的粘合剂,促进细颗粒物之间的成长和团聚.随着CaO的添加,细颗粒物聚并成了一个更大的球状颗粒整体.     

基于改进H?kanson法的水稻根系土壤重金属生态风险评价

H?kanson潜在生态风险评价法（简称“H?kanson法”）是综合考虑污染物种类、丰度效应、沉积效应和敏感效应的沉积物生态风险评价方法,将其应用在农田土壤生态风险评价中必须考虑土壤和沉积物环境中污染物种类、沉积效应和敏感效应的差异.该研究以安徽省某区域内水稻根系土壤为例,基于污染物种类改进H?kanson法（简称“修正法1”）和基于污染物种类-生物吸收系数改进H?kanson法（简称“修正法2”）,对水稻根系土壤重金属Pb、Hg、Cr、Cd和As进行生态风险评价.结果表明:修正法1和修正法2得到的Pb、Cr和As评价结果一致,但Hg和Cd的评价结果差异较大;基于稻米质量安全和保守原则,两种改进方法均能准确评价水稻根系土壤Pb、Cr和As生态风险,且修正法1对Cd生态风险评价较合理,修正法2对Hg污染风险评价较合理.研究显示,修正法1和修正法2均能合理地评价水稻根系土壤重金属尤其是Hg和Cd的生态风险.      

采用Calvert 洗涤器净化铁合金电炉烟尘

采用Calvert洗涤器净化半封闭铁合金电炉烟尘，在达到相同的除尘效率的条件下，阻力降仅有高能文氏管的一半，运转费用也相应下降许多。因此在环境空气质量为二类区和三类区的区域，采用投资较省的Calvert洗涤器来净化铁合金电炉烟尘是可行的。     

潍坊化工厂简易排烟脱硫设备

介绍了潍坊化工厂３５ｔ／ｈ锅炉烟气简易排烟脱硫设备的主要特征及运行成果。运行表明该装置具有脱硫效率高、压力损失小、运行成本低、占地面积少，以废治废等优点。     

K、Na、Ca的碳酸盐细粉对烟幕残留物的自净化效果

针对海上大量使用的军用烟幕残留物的严重污染问题，研究了便于实施的基于碳酸盐细粉的自净化法。通过实验室实验和现场实装试验，探讨不同种类、不同粒径的碳酸盐细粉的净化效果，确定原烟幕施放器改造后的施放参数。研究表明，用150目过筛的K、Na和Ca的碳酸盐细粉，由专门改造的引射式烟幕施放器自动混合施放，可保证在烟幕有效作用时间后5min内使残留物完全转化成无毒无污染的产物，最后讨论了自净化的机理和碳酸盐种类的具体选用方法。该方法既圆满地解决了污染问题，又很好地保证了烟幕原有的优良特性，具有重要的环保价值，也是在军事运用中强调环保的一种有益尝试。     

Characteristics of mass distributions of aerosol particle and its inorganic water-soluble ions in summer over a suburb farmland in Beijing

Agricultural activity is one of the most important sources of aerosol particles. To understand the mass distribution and sources of aerosol particles and their inorganic water-soluble ions in a suburb farmland of Beijing, particle samples were collected using a microorifice uniform deposit impactor (MOUDI) in the summer of 2004 in a suburb vegetable field. The distribution of the particles and their inorganic water-soluble ions in the diameter range of 0.18–18 μm were measured. The dominant fine particle ions were SO₄ ²⁻, NO₃ ⁻, and NH₄ ⁺. The association of day-to-day variation of the concentration of these ions with temperature, humidity, and solar radiation suggested that they are formed by the reaction of NH₃ released from the vegetable field with the acid species produced from photochemical reactions. Fine particle K⁺ is likely from vegetation emission and biomass burning. Coarse particles like Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, NO₃ ⁻, and SO₄ ²⁻ are suggested to come from the mechanical process by which the soil particle entered the atmosphere, and from the reaction of the acid species at the surface of the soil particle. The results show that fertilizer and soil are important factors determining the aerosol particle over agricultural fields, and vegetable fields in suburban Beijing contribute significantly to the aerosol particle. Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(2): 193–199 [译自: 环境科学]     

Effects of simulated acid rain on root growth of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Schima superba saplings planted in acidified soil

Results from pot culture (with one-year old Cunninghamia lanceolata and Schima superba) are described. It was found that the biomass production and elongation of C. lanceolata was seriously inhibited at pH 2.0 rain, but for S. superba, was not affected markedly. When pH values of experimental rain were higher than 2.0, the root growth of both species was not adversely affected. Aluminium had already accumulated to some degrees in the roots of both trees, and started to affect the root growth of C. lanceolata at pH 2.0 rain. The soil chemistry was also examined. Increased acidity of experimental rain increased the leaching of Ca and Mg. The Al/Ca mol ratio increased from 0.3 to 0.9 in top soil, and in rhizosphere to 1.5 when the pH values of simulated acid rain were 4.5 to 2.0. In this experiment, NO₃- fertilization effect was discovered.     

精冲盲孔工艺研究与应用

通过生产中的四个实例,论述了利用精冲工艺加工盲孔的生产工艺。精冲盲孔的凸凹模间的间隙值只能是被冲裁材料厚度的1％。模具的行程大小是决定精冲盲孔的关键。     

“2+26”城市大气重污染下PM2.5来源解析

基于区域大气环境模拟系统RegAEMS开发了大气污染物来源解析模块APSA，以京津冀及周边"2+26"城市为研究对象，模拟2017年12月26日~2018年1月2日该地区一次PM_2.5重污染过程，对PM_2.5进行区域和行业来源解析.结果表明：本次污染持续时间长、影响范围广、污染程度重，"2+26"城市PM_2.5小时最大值为201~507μg/m³，RegAEMS可较好模拟出PM_2.5时空分布；区域来源解析表现为外围区域对"2+26"边界城市影响较大，贡献为15.3%~57.5%，"2+26"中部城市受外围区域影响较小，贡献为0.3%~8.4%，区域传输特征明显，受近地面风场影响较大；行业来源表现为区域内生活源、工业源贡献较大，分别为26.6%~45.8%、16.4%~37.8%，交通源占比13.0%~35.9%.本文研究表明RegAEMS可以实现重污染过程PM_2.5的数值模拟和来源解析，在大气污染精准管控方面具有较好应用前景.