The impact of sewage sludge compost on tree peony growth and soil microbiological,and biochemical properties

In order to assess the suitability of sludge compost application for tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa)–soil ecosystems, we determined soil microbial biomass C (C_mic), basal respiration (R_mic), enzyme activities, and tree peony growth parameters at 0–75% sludge compost amendment dosage. Soil C_mic, R_mic, C_mic as a percent of soil organic C, enzyme (invertase, urease, proteinase, phosphatase, polyphenoloxidase) activities, and plant height, flower diameter, and flower numbers per plant of tree peony significantly increased after sludge compost amendment; however, with the increasing sludge compost amendment dosage, a decreasing trend above 45% sludge compost amendment became apparent although soil organic C, total Kjeldahl N, and total P always increased with the sludge compost amendment. Soil metabolic quotient first showed a decreasing trend with the increasing sludge compost application in the range of 15–45%, and then an increasing trend from compost application of 45–75%, with the minimum found at compost application of 45%. As for the diseased plants, 50% of tree peony under the treatment without sludge compost amendment suffered from yellow leaf disease of tree peony, while no any disease was observed under the treatments with sludge compost application of 30–75%, which showed sludge compost application had significant suppressive effect on the yellow leaf disease of tree peony. This result convincingly demonstrated that ?45% sludge compost application dosage can take advantage of beneficial effect on tree peony growth and tree peony–soil ecosystems.     

Impact of long‐term pesticide applications on some soil biological parameters

Abstract

The soil oxidative and anaerobic processes, as well as, the microbial biomass were followed during three years in a cotton farm (Tatuí) where the recommended pesticides have been used for several years, and in an experimental field (São Paulo) treated first time with the same pesticides. The oxidative process was monitored by the dehydrogenase (DHA)‐activity using triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) as substrate. The anaerobic process was followed by the iron‐oxide reduction, and the microbial biomass was estimated by the substrate (glucose)‐indiced respiration. Increases in DHA‐activity and in the microbial biomass occurred only in the farm soil, with concomitant decreases in iron‐reduction. In the experimental field soil, the increases in DHA‐activity were followed only by decreases in iron‐reduction. Soil characteristics were the determining factor for different biological parameters after pesticide inputs. All the pesticides produced at least one clear but transient effect.     

膜生物反应器中生物膜的生长特性

实验采用经甲苯培养驯化而成的单一假单胞菌菌种,通过分析平板式生物膜反应器内,不同阶段假单胞细菌生物膜干重、厚度、活性生物量和生物种群分布的变化,研究生物膜特性与降解效率之间的关系。实验结果表明,在挂膜初期生物膜迅速生长,生物量以及生物膜干重增长很快,有利于甲苯及营养物质的传输,降解效率也快速提升。随着生物膜的生长,生物量及干重也逐步增加,厚度逐渐增加使传质阻力不断增大,生物膜上层微生物的有机底物供应不足,使生物膜上层结构稀疏,最终维持一个甲苯的总传输量与生化降解量的平衡,生物量的生长与衰亡也达到动态平衡,形成了一个较高且稳定的降解效率。     

人粪便中温好氧堆肥过程的有机物降解特性研究

利用密闭式小型堆肥反应器,以锯末作为堆肥载体,采用批量反应的操作方式,在35℃的温控条件下进行了人粪便的中温好氧堆肥实验。结果表明,在14 d的堆肥反应周期内,粪便中以COD为参数的有机物去除率可达到70%左右,且在10～12 d内基本完成有机物降解。在中温条件下,堆体容易保持适宜的含水率和pH值,维持适宜微生物繁殖生长的条件。运用磷脂法进行堆肥过程中微生物总量的分析,表明在一个堆肥周期内,微生物经历了环境适应期、稳定增殖期、生物量下降期等3个阶段,这一微生物繁衍规律与有机物的去除密切相关。与高温堆肥相比,中温堆肥能够减少设备加热的能量消耗,是缺水地区人粪便处置的可选方法之一。     

新制备生物炭的特性表征及其对石油烃污染土壤的吸附效果

生物炭作为一种绿色环保的功能材料因其在污水处理和污染土壤修复方面具有显著效果而受到极大关注.采用红外光谱、元素分析仪及微孔分析对不同温度(200、300、400、500和600℃)条件下制备的木屑和麦秆生物炭进行特性表征,并采用制备的生物炭净化石油污染土壤,分别考察了污染物性质、生物质原料和热解温度对其净化效果的影响.结果表明,随着热解温度的增高,生物炭芳香化程度增加,极性降低,微孔结构逐渐发育,表面积增大.加入生物炭33 d后,污染土壤中总石油烃及其组分烷烃的浓度比对照略有降低,而PAHs浓度下降显著.随着热解温度升高,2种生物炭对PAHs的吸附强度均逐渐增大,芳香度增高、表面积增大是强吸附的主要原因.2种生物炭在400℃及以下温度制备时对PAHs的吸附强度为:木屑生物炭＞麦秆生物炭;而400℃以上温度制备的生物炭吸附强度则相反,即麦秆生物炭＞木屑生物炭,说明生物炭原料对其吸附强度也具有显著影响.     

鄱阳湖典型苔草湿地生物量季节变化及固碳功能评价

为进一步评估鄱阳湖湿地碳平衡,量化湿地固碳功能,于2009年9月～2011年5月,在鄱阳湖南矶湿地国家级自然保护区,选择以灰化苔草为建群种的洲滩湿地,采取收获法测定了灰化苔草4个生长季的地上、地下生物量及净初级生产力(NPP)。结果表明：1）苔草地上、地下生物量均具有明显的季节变化模式,变化范围分别为14608～1 77067 、1 80627～4 03256 g/m2;地下生物量与地上生物量的比例变化范围为208～1744,平均值为519。2）苔草地上地下生物量、NPP均表现为春季高于秋季。3）受洲滩淹水时间影响,苔草生物量、NPP具有显著的年际差异, 2010～2011年度苔草NPP仅相当于2009～2010年度的625%;NPP的下降地上部分较地下部分更明显。4）鄱阳湖湿地苔草固碳潜力巨大,2个年度固碳量分别为1 92383,1 23121 gC/m2     

江苏阳澄湖螺类群落的空间分布格局

2008年1月～2009年10月对江苏阳澄湖螺类群落结构进行了季节调查研究。共采集到螺类4科5属6种,优势种为铜锈环棱螺,次优种为长角涵螺。阳澄湖螺类平均密度为220±47 ind./m2,平均生物量为2331±469 g/m2,螺类密度和生物量在年际和季节间均无明显差异,但群落结构存在显著的空间变化,密度在东湖区和中华绒螯蟹围网养殖区较大、西湖区最小,生物量围网养殖区最高、西湖区最低;铜锈环棱螺密度围网养殖区最高、西湖区最低,长角涵螺密度东湖区最高、围网养殖区次之、入湖河流及其它湖区极低。中华绒螯蟹养殖未导致围网养殖区螺类数量下降,螺类（主要是铜锈环棱螺）的投放可能是该区螺类密度、生物量及铜锈环棱螺所占比例较高的主要原因之一。逐步回归分析表明,水深是影响螺类群落整体密度和生物量空间分布差异的主要因子;典型对应分析（CCA）表明,铜锈环棱螺主要分布在叶绿素a较高的水域,而长角涵螺和纹沼螺则主要分布在透明度较大的地方     

三叶鬼针草生物量分配与化感作用对大气温度升高的响应

全球气候变暖已经成为不容置疑的事实,同时外来入侵植物对入侵地的生态环境造成严重的危害,外来入侵植物可能对温度升高做出积极地响应。文章研究了不同温度(22、26和30℃)处理对入侵植物三叶鬼针草(Bidens pilosa L.)种子萌发、幼苗生物量分配及化感作用的影响,探讨三叶鬼针草对全球气候变暖的响应策略。结果表明;温度为22和26℃比30℃有利于三叶鬼针草种子的萌发。温度升高显著增加三叶鬼针草的株高、生物量和叶面积,三叶鬼针草幼苗增加对茎和叶的生物量投资。同时相同浓度的三叶鬼针草水浸提液对马唐(Digitaria sanguinalis(L.)Scop)和牛筋草(Eleusine indica(L.)Gaertn)的化感作用随着温度升高而增强。研究表明:温度升高促进了三叶鬼针草的生长,改变生物量分配模式同时增强了对受体植物的化感作用。温度升高可能是促进三叶鬼针草入侵的生态环境因子之一,未来全球气温变暖可能使其入侵加剧。     

宝钢厂区植被碳储量及其固碳效益评价

以著名钢铁企业上海宝钢为例,基于厂区植被调查、航片数字化解释、优势种生物量测定及模型建立,对宝钢厂区植被碳储量和固碳能力进行估算,并通过碳税法对其固碳效益进行评价,以期为城市工业区绿地群落配置和绿化树种选择、企业绿化建设的费用效益分析提供更为科学的依据。结果表明:宝钢厂区植被总碳储量为3992.99～4736.17 t,固碳效益为13507.33～16185.85万元;平均碳密度为45.82～53.27 t/hm2,固碳能力为5.91～6.87t/(hm2.a),高于上海城市森林平均值,但小于中国森林平均值,一定程度上受平均胸径、郁闭度及群落密度等因素影响。厂区在进行绿化建设时,应考虑选择防污且固碳能力强的植物,构建防污固碳兼有型群落,发挥植被的多元功能。     

Biomethanation of plant materials and agricultural residues using dung samples as wild population of microbes and also with isolated methanogens

Recycling of plant materials and agricultural residues for biomethanation was attempted in vials. The methanogenic activities of certain sewage samples have also been tested. Both sterilized and non-sterilized biomasses were used. Biomethanation was carried out with dung samples (cow, goat, buffalo, piggery wastes and poultry wash) as wild populations of microbes and in combination with other microbial isolates (isolated in the laboratory).Biomethanation had been observed to be good in most cases and particularly with the sterilized biomass. Mixed inoculum (dung samples and poultry wash) was found to be best for biomethanation. Of the microbe isolates, isolates from buffalo, pig and paper mill wastes appear to be most effective. Pretreated sawdust and rice straw were found to be good subtrates for biomethanation. Of the different plant biomass used Spirogyra (algae), Ipomea and water hyacinth were most effective whereas Jatropa gossypifolia and Parthenium sp. were the least effective. Biomethanation of Spirogyra was carried out both in anoxic and oxic conditions. Though methane production decreased enormously under oxic conditions, definite methane production continued indicating that the biomethanation process is not exclusively anoxic. Similarly, biomethanation of sewage samples from different sewage treatment plants were carried out with and without isolated methanogens and methane production was found to be moderate.