水深梯度对苦草生长和生物量的影响

将采用沙壤土培育的苦草幼苗（Vallisneria natans）放置于60-170 cm的水深范围内,每10 cm一个处理,使用光照计测定不同水深的光照强度并用 Skalar 水质流动分析仪测定试验水体的理化指标,观测苦草在不同的水深梯度下形态及叶片、叶绿素含量的变化,以研究水深梯度对沉水植物的个体生长发育及生物量的影响。试验结果表明：（1）试验30 d后,在60-130 cm的水深范围内,苦草株高随水深的增加而增高,在130-170 cm的水深范围内,随水深增加而降低,130 cm处苦草的平均高度最大,达67.9 cm;试验60 d,苦草的叶片长度、宽度、面积都随着水深的增加而减小,且在150-170 cm水深范围内叶片长度明显变小,苦草的生长速率随水深的增加显著下降;（2）不同试验组苦草的叶片长度、宽度、面积以及生长速率与水深呈明显的负相关（P＜0.01）,而叶绿素含量与水深呈明显的正相关（P＜0.01）,叶片面积在140-150 cm水深范围内减小最明显,且在140-160 cm水深范围内苦草各叶绿素指标较高,尤其是chl a＋b在水深160 cm处高达1.876 mg·g^-1;（3）苦草叶片叶绿素含量随着水深的增加（光强降低）而升高,其变化幅度为0.369-1.876 mg·g^-1,其中叶片叶绿素a随着水深的增加呈波动递增的趋势,且在水深80 cm处较低（0.268 mg·g^-1）,而叶绿素b在60-170 cm水深范围内总体较平稳,在水深160 cm处达到最高（0.505 mg·g^-1）,chl a/b变化幅度较小,仅在2.49-2.84 mg·g^-1之间;（4）试验60 d后,各试验组总生物量的较大值主要集中在100-140 cm水深范围内,其中地上部分生物量平均占全株生物量的89.5%,地下部分生物量只占10.5%,生物量的分配随水深梯度变化不明显。说明水深梯度的变化对苦草的叶片生长及叶绿素含量有影响,但对生物量的分配作用不明显。研究表明在100-140 cm的水深范围内?     

不同有机物料对有机磷农药污染土壤酶活性及土壤微生物量的影响

农药污染严重影响了土壤的生态和食品的安全,为了解有机物料对农药污染土壤修复的影响,本文采用室内恒温恒湿培养的方法,研究了在有机磷农药污染的土壤中加入葡萄糖、堆肥、秸秆3种不同的有机物料对土壤微生物及土壤酶活性的影响,结果表明：有机磷农药对土壤微生物生物量碳和土壤的呼吸强度都有一定的影响,具体表现为前期（0～3 d）抑制,中期（3～40 d）为促进作用,后期（40 d以后）恢复稳定。加入有机物料后,显著提高了土壤的微生物生物量碳和土壤的呼吸强度,其中葡萄糖、堆肥、秸秆处理分别在第9、30、40天时的土壤的微生物生物量碳最高,在第9、30、50天时土壤的呼吸强度最高。有机磷农药对土壤过氧化氢酶和土壤脲酶影响表现为先抑制后激活,然后恢复的变化趋势。加入不同有机物料后,堆肥和秸秆对土壤过氧化氢酶和土壤脲酶都有促进作用,显著提高了其活性。堆肥处理的土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶活性分别在0～20 d,20 d为最高,秸秆处理的土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶活性都在40～50 d为最高。培养结束时（70 d）,秸秆、堆肥处理的土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶活性要高于葡萄糖、空白处理。葡萄糖处理在前期（0～40 d）对过氧化氢酶、脲酶活性有一定的影响,到后期（40～70 d）同空白之间差异不大。研究结果表明有机物料的加入可以提高土壤微生物量和土壤的呼吸强度,提高土壤酶的活性,对于农药污染土壤的修复具有积极的作用。     

基于微藻养殖的沼液资源化利用与高价值生物质生产耦合技术研究

综述了微藻培养技术研究进展,并分析了沼液作为资源制备微藻生物质可行性,提出了沼液资源化利用与高价值生物质生产耦合工艺技术系统。结果表明,沼液预处理技术、目标藻种筛选技术、微藻规模化培养技术和藻渣高值利用技术是耦合系统的四大关键技术。基于微藻培养技术,该耦合系统促使沼液处理系统从"处理工艺"向"生产工艺"转化,实现了多元功能耦合,即沼液除磷脱氮耦合氮磷回收,沼液净化处理耦合生物能源生产以及CO2的固定耦合沼气净化。     

基于森林健康视角的北长山岛人工林生物量

以山东省长岛县北长山岛为研究区,通过现场调查、数学模型和3S技术,分析人工林生物量的总量（全部生物量）、存量（活树生物量）、失量（死树生物量）和存量失量比,并探讨生物量的影响因子.结果显示：（1）北长山岛人工林生物量总量共5.88万t,均值为145.8t/hm²,高于全国和山东省的平均水平;生物量存量共3.79万t,失量共2.09万t,其均值分别为93.9t/hm²和51.9t/hm²,森林健康问题已经成为影响北长山岛人工林生物量的重要因素.（2）随着林分密度的增加,生物量总量和存量呈现先上升后下降的趋势,失量持续上升,存量失量比则不断下降;随着胸径的增大,黑松的存量失量比逐渐减小,刺槐则相反;NDVI与生物量总量、存量和存量失量比呈显著正相关,与失量呈显著负相关.（3）存量失量比与坡向、土壤含水率、全磷和总氮呈显著正相关,与海拔、坡度、含盐量和全钾呈显著负相关,与坡位、pH值和总碳关系不明显.     

三工河流域梭梭群落细根生长动态及周转

细根对植物群落功能的发挥和土壤碳库及全球碳循环具有重要意义.采用土柱法和分解袋法,于2010年5-10月整个生长季内,对三工河流域梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)群落的细根生物量以及分解和周转规律进行研究.结果表明,梭梭群落细根生物量呈现明显的季节变化,5-8月逐渐增加,8月达到最大,9-10月逐渐下降.细根生物量月平均值为183.76 g·m-2.活细根和死细根生物量分别占细根总生物量的72.59％和27.41％.梭梭群落细根生物量表现出明显的垂直变化,随土壤深度的增加而呈现先增加后逐渐降低的趋势,其中51.36％的活细根和51.81％的死细根生物量分布在＞10～30 cm土层.梭梭群落细根年分解率为58.76％,达到50％和95％分解率所需时间为279和1 302 d.梭梭群落细根净生产力为110.73 g·m-2·a-1,年周转速率为1.25次.     

The toxic and environmental evaluation of pyrolytic liquids by Allium cepa test

In this study, liquid products obtained from the pyrolysis of hazelnut shell (HS), with and without ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), were subjected to the Allium cepa test system. Pyrolysis in conjunction with the A. cepa test is a promising technology not only from the perspective of energy savings and a source of precious material, but in terms of the removal of hazardous material from the environment in safe manner. Dosages of pyrolytic liquids dissolved in water were determined according to lethal dose (LD₅₀), with three different solution concentrations. The preparates were dyed with acetocarmine. The mitotic index decreased and chromosomal aberration, especially stickiness and c-mitosis, increased with dosage and time. The addition of UHMWPE to HS in the pyrolysis process resulted in less harmful chemical agents, as observed by the relatively higher mitotic index and lower levels of chromosomal aberration.     

Effects of two root-secreted phenolic compounds from a subalpine coniferous species on soil enzyme activity and microbial biomass

In order to evaluate the ecological consequences and potential mechanisms of specific C compounds on soil microbial processes under climate warming, we injected solutions of two modelled root exudates, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, dibutyl ester (DBP), respectively, into soil at two concentrations (20 and 1000?µg?g^?1 soil). For all treatments, soils amended with the two phenolic compounds were incubated at two temperatures (20°C and 30°C) for 30 days. The responses of soil enzyme activity and microbial property to modelled root exudates to some extent depended on temperature regime, exudation component, and addition concentration. For example, the addition of BHT tended to decrease the soil enzyme activities. However, DBP addition generally increased the two metabolic enzyme activities at 30°C, and tended to decrease the two enzyme activities at 20°C, but a significant reduction was observed only at a high concentration at 20°C. The microbial biomass and enzyme activity were generally lower at 30°C compared to those at 20°C, when averaged across all treatment combinations. Taken together, our results indicated that the amounts and quality of liable root-derived C can differentially affect microbial processes, and various environmental changes will greatly complicate root–microbe–soil interactions in forests.     

Effects of nutrient concentration and litter cover on quantitative shoot parameters and belowground biomass of Zizania latifolia (L)

This study investigated the effect of nutrient concentration and litter cover on the development of quantitative shoot parameters and belowground biomass (BGB) production of Zizania latifolia. Zizania latifolia is a common emergent aquatic species in East Asia. Four treatments were done at the study site, and were observed between May 2003 and December 2005. The treatments are namely, high nutrient (HN) with litter cover (HNWL), high nutrient without litter cover (HNNL), low nutrient (LN) with litter cover (LNWL), and low nutrient without litter cover (LNNL). The quantitative shoot parameters and BGB had higher values for treatments with high nutrient (HN) compared to the low nutrient treatments (LN), independent of the presence of litter cover. Furthermore, the life span of the secondary shoots was also higher in HN treatments compared to LN treatments. The BGB productivity was higher in the HNNL treatment compared to the other treatments. The LNWL treatment showed the least developed quantitative shoot parameters, e.g. plant height, and the lowest BGB for Z. latifolia. It was generally observed that the combined effects of low nutrients and litter cover negatively affected shoot development and BGB production.     

上流式曝气生物滤池深度处理碱减量印染废水

采用上流式曝气生物活性炭滤池(UABACF)深度处理碱减量印染废水,在固定汽水比3∶1条件下,研究水力停留时间(HRT)对COD、UV254和色度去除效果的影响,分析污染物降解、系统微生物量和微生物活性在滤柱高度方向的沿程分布特征。结果表明:HRT对COD去除率影响最大、色度次之,对UV254去除影响最小,在HRT=8.90 h条件下系统对COD、色度和UV254的去除效率分别为74%、95%和92%。试验条件下,110 cm滤柱高度以下属于污染物降解的高效区域,微生物量和单位质量活性炭脱氢酶活性在此滤柱高度范围内逐渐降低而后保持基本稳定的状态,而单位微生物量TTC-脱氢酶活性在滤柱底部至70 cm高度处逐渐上升,然后呈下降趋势至110 cm高度附近降至最低,然后出现上升的趋势。     

生物质锅炉与燃煤锅炉颗粒物排放特征比较

选择2台设计结构不同的生物质锅炉(BB1、BB2),针对木质和秸秆2种生物质燃料开展烟尘、PM₁₀和PM_2.5排放特征的研究,并与燃煤锅炉进行比较. 结果表明:2台生物质锅炉的大气污染物排放质量浓度都未达到北京市DB 11/139—2007《锅炉大气污染物排放标准》的要求;2台生物质锅炉颗粒物的排放因子存在差别,燃烧木质成型燃料时,BB1和BB2生物质锅炉除尘器后的烟尘排放因子分别为207.10和465.51mg/kg,PM₁₀排放因子分别为75.18和149.61mg/kg, PM_2.5排放因子分别为58.48和106.86mg/kg;燃烧秸秆成型燃料时,BB1和BB2生物质锅炉除尘器后的烟尘排放因子分别为142.86和1200.86mg/kg,PM₁₀排放因子分别为63.63和102.01mg/kg,PM_2.5的排放因子分别为50.90和76.51mg/kg. 与热功率相近的燃煤锅炉比较,2台生物质锅炉除尘器前的PM₁₀平均排放因子低30.41%,PM_2.5平均排放因子却高36.84%,即PM_2.5在生物质锅炉烟尘中所占比例更高. 尽管利用可再生能源的生物质锅炉具有很好的发展前景,但目前该类锅炉仍存在污染物排放不达标的现象,因此,需要提高热能利用效率和除尘效率,以减少污染.