Monitoring of the Fate, Transport, and Effects of Sewage Sludge Disposed at the 106-Mile Deepwater Municipal Sludge Dump Site

Since 1985, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has conducted monitoring studies to determine the transport, fate, and effects of sewage sludge dumped at the 106-Mile Deepwater Municipal Sludge Dump Site (106-Mile Site). This paper describes EPA's 106-Mile Site monitoring activities and the results from six oceanographic surveys of the Site. Surveys have been conducted to track sewage sludge plumes and monitor dispersion and settling characteristics; study plume toxicity and contaminant levels; search for sludge and sludge constituents in surface waters in the area of the Site up 74 km (40 nautical miles) away; maintain a stationary real-time current meter near the Site; deploy and retrieve approximately 50 sediment traps and 17 current meters on 10 arrays from Hudson Canyon south to Delaware Canyon, at depths ranging from 1500 to 2800 m; and deploy satellite-tracked drifters. Results of studies completed to date have provided field data on the chemical and physical behaviour of sludge discharge plumes. Short-term persistence of sludge particles in surface waters above the pycnocline was observed and advection of sludge material from the Site may be rapid, in many cases on the order of hours. A suggestion that removal of sludge material from the surface mixed layer at the Site occurs more from horizontal mixing and advection than from vertical transport processes is supported by the data. Finally, monitoring results have provided data for assessment of permit compliance and for development of additional monitoring to detect far-field transport and long-term impacts - monitoring efforts relative to these concetns continue.     

不同原料和炭化温度下制备的生物炭结构及性质

以麦秆、稻杆和松木屑3种生物质为原料,在控制热分解条件下制备生物炭利用TG/DTG、Boehm滴定、FT-IR、XRD、TEM和吸附实验等方法对不同原料在350、550和750℃ 3个炭化温度下制备的生物炭形貌及其表面化学性质进行了表征。结果表明:最大热解速率所对应温度以松木屑为最高,表示热稳定性最好;不同原料在相同炭化温度下所制得的生物炭所含表面含氧官能团种类和总量相近,但pH值和吸附能力差别较大,其中麦秆制得的生物炭pH值最大,松木屑制得的生物炭吸附能力最强;随着炭化温度升高,相同原料制得生物炭表面含氧官能团总量减少,pH值升高,纤维素和半纤维素特征峰消失,芳构化程度增加,吸附性能总体呈先上升后下降的趋势。     

Performance and stability of an anaerobic fixed bed reactor subjected to progressive increasing concentrations of influent organic matter and organic shock loads

Data on the performance of a horizontal-flow anaerobic immobilized biomass (HAIB) reactor subjected to step increases of organic loading rates (OLR) and to organic shock loads (OSL) are presented and discussed. The tubular reactor (100 cm long and 5 cm diameter) with a useful volume of 1995 mL was filled with polyurethane foam cubic matrices holding immobilized biomass and fed with synthetic wastewater. The reactor was operated at the controlled temperature of 30+/-1 degrees C and hydraulic retention time of 7 h. After about 15 days, the HAIB reactor attained operating stability. Thereafter, it was subjected to step increases of the applied OLR that ranged from 6.8 to 18.8 kg COD/m(3)d. After steady state had been achieved at each step, OSL corresponding to approximately three times the operating OLR were applied for 7 h. No disturbance was observed due to the step increase in OLR. An increase in effluent chemical oxygen demand (COD) and volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentrations and a decrease in the percentage of methane in the biogas were observed due to OSL applications. However, stability of the monitoring parameters was always restored approximately 17 h after the application of OSL for all conditions tested.     

低温条件下生物陶粒反应器运行特性研究

针对官厅水库下游三家店水库水源进行生物陶粒预处理的现场试验,研究低温条件下生物陶粒反应器的运行效果及其特性.结果表明:当水温从10℃下降到0.5℃时,生物陶粒反应器对COD_Mn的去除率从20%左右下降到6%左右,氨氮的去除率从90%下降到65%.随温度降低生物陶粒反应器去除污染物的效果下降主要是由于微生物活性随温度的降低而下降造成的,陶粒表面的微生物量随温度的降低而减少,但是受影响的程度比活性小得多.陶粒表面的微生物活性与微生物量沿水流方向呈明显的下降趋势.     

电子废物不当处置的重金属污染及其环境风险评价 Ⅴ. 电子废物焚烧迹地土壤金属污染对土壤微生物生物量和土壤呼吸的影响

在广东省清远市龙塘镇电子废物焚烧区附近分别设置了主要受电子废物焚烧造成的重金属近距离沉降影响的污染区(U)和距离焚烧活动核心区约1km的水平迁移污染区(L),并在焚烧活动核心区非主风向一侧山丘的反向坡地设置了对照区(CK),探讨了不同程度的重金属污染对土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)和土壤呼吸(SR)的影响.结果表明,土壤Cu、Pb、Cd的含量平均值均呈U区>L区>CK区,在污染严重的U区,Cu、Pb、Cd、Ni、Cr和Zn的含量平均值分别是对照区的52.2倍、5.1倍、3.2倍、2.1倍、1.9倍和1.5倍.相应地,U区土壤MBC、土壤基础呼吸(BR)和基质诱导呼吸(SIR)的平均值分别只有对照区的48.0%、28.4%和15.3%,而在污染程度相对较轻的L区则分别为对照区的97.0%、70.1%和60.7%.土壤MBC和SIR均与土壤中Zn、Cu、Pb含量呈极显著负相关(p<0.01).以上结果表明,土壤微生物的生长和土壤生物活性受到了电子废物焚烧排放物(特别是重金属)生物毒性的严重影响,土壤SIR是响应最为敏感的指标.     

岩溶山区不同土地利用方式对土壤活性有机碳动态的影响

对贵州茂兰自然保护区内三种典型土地利用方式(林地、草地和耕地)下土壤活性有机碳组分(土壤溶解有机碳和土壤微生物量碳)的月变化及其对环境因子的响应进行了研究,结果表明在不同的土地利用方式下上覆植被类型不同,其凋落物数量、质量及分解行为不同,有机质的输入量及质量也不相同,从而形成不同的土壤溶解有机碳含量差异,土壤有机碳的大小也存在较大差别。研究结果显示:从全年平均值来看,林地土壤溶解有机碳分别比草地和耕地高25%、48%;从3月到8月,三者均随气温的上升呈增加的趋势,林地和耕地在8月均达到最大值,而草地则在10月达到最大值;林地和草地土壤微生物量碳分别高于耕地81%和45%,林地和草地在10月达到最大值。不同的土地利用方式导致土壤活性有机碳的差异较大,这说明岩溶生态系统中土地利用方式对土壤碳库的大小有较大影响。不同土地利用方式下土壤活性有机碳对环境因子的响应也各不相同,这表明土壤活性碳受众多因素的制约而呈现出一种动态平衡关系,进一步的机理仍需要进行深入研究。     

亚铵法造纸废液干粉对绿豆苗根系的AM真菌侵染及其地上部生物量的影响

通过温室盆栽试验,研究亚铵法造纸废液干粉对绿豆(Vigna radiate)苗根系的AM真菌侵染及其地上部生物量的影响。结果发现,添加适量造纸废液干粉可以加速AM真菌对绿豆苗根系的侵染;添加质量分数0.1%造纸废液干粉,出苗4周时绿豆苗根系的AM真菌侵染率比对照提高80%,出苗7周时地上部生物量比对照提高20%;添加质量分数0.2%~0.5%造纸废液干粉,绿豆苗根系的AM真菌侵染率和地上部生物量在出苗4周之后均不同程度低于对照。结果表明,添加质量分数0.1%左右亚铵法造纸废液干粉对AM真菌侵染绿豆苗根系和植株生长具有较好促进作用。     

镉和酸雨对苦楝幼苗细胞膜透性及渗透调节物质含量的影响

采用盆栽法研究了3个梯度模拟酸雨(p H=5.6、4.5、3.5)和不同剂量Cd2+(0、30、60、90、120、150、180 mg·kg~(-1))单一及复合处理,对苦楝(Melia azedarach L.)幼苗生长、质膜透性和主要渗透调节物质含量的影响.结果表明,p H=4.5和30 mg·kg~(-1)Cd2+复合处理对苦楝生物量的积累和幼苗的生长具有一定促进作用;p H=4.5和低剂量Cd2+(≤60 mg·kg~(-1))单一及复合处理下,株高和干重变化不显著(p0.05),叶色、叶绿素含量、相对电导率和丙二醛含量也无明显变化;而强酸雨(p H=3.5)和高剂量Cd2+(≥90 mg·kg~(-1))处理下,叶片发黄卷曲,叶绿素含量下降,相对电导率和丙二醛含量增大,且酸雨和Cd2+复合处理较单一酸雨和单一Cd2+处理毒害作用更明显,表现为复合叠加效应;随酸雨强度和Cd2+剂量的增加,可溶性糖含量下降,可溶性蛋白和游离脯氨酸含量先升后降,二者峰值均出现在p H=4.5和60 mg·kg~(-1)Cd2+处理,且Cd2+剂量≤120 mg·kg~(-1)时,各酸雨梯度下可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量均高于CK.综上认为,在Cd2+剂量≤60 mg·kg~(-1)、酸雨p H≥4.5的区域,苦楝可以正常生长且保持较大生物量,可将其作为Cd污染典型酸雨区的绿化和修复树种.     

连续/间歇曝气下MBBR-亚硝化生物膜特性

本文分别以连续曝气和间歇曝气方式长期运行两套亚硝化移动床生物膜反应器,对比分析两种曝气方式下亚硝化生物膜特性差异和变化.研究表明,连续曝气和间歇曝气均可实现亚硝化生物膜生长（K_d> 0）,但间歇曝气下生物膜连续脱落对生物总量基本无影响,生物膜生长过程更加稳定,且当亚硝化运行稳定后,间歇曝气可获得更高的生物总量（1.42g/m²）.而连续曝气下生物膜可获得更高的蛋白质/多糖（PN/PS=1.8~2.0）和蛋白质/挥发性固体（PN/VS=0.145）以及更低的腐殖质/挥发性固体（HS/VS=0.05）和死细胞占比（13.66%）.这说明连续曝气下生物膜中活性生物量占比更高,惰性生物量占比更低,活细胞占比更高,因而生物膜活性更高,微生物代谢更活跃.荧光实时定量PCR结果显示,以连续曝气运行的MBBR生物膜中亚硝化菌总量远高于间歇曝气,连续曝气更利于亚硝化菌的生长富集（2.36copies×10⁸/g > 0.25copies×10⁸/g）.