旁孔透射波法确定桩底深度方法的有限元分析

目前国内外利用旁孔透射波检测桩底深度的方法有多种,其理论依据尚须论证。应用轴对称有限元模型,对顶面激振的完整桩用旁孔透射波法检测进行了模拟。结果表明,首至P波时深关系图形中的下段直线须基于一定深度范围内的数据进行拟合,由其与上段直线的交点确定的桩底深度误差较大,须进行修正。验证了旁孔透射波法首至P波的时深关系基本遵从陈龙珠等提出的简化理论模型,所提出的两直线交点深度修正公式可给出合理的桩底深度,经现场试验进一步检验后值得予以推广应用。     

新型开孔H型钢阻尼器有限元分析

设计了分别开椭圆形孔和菱形孔的2种新型H型钢耗能器,阐述了它们的构造与耗能原理。采用有限元软件ABAQUS对开椭圆形孔、菱形孔和条形孔这3种新型耗能器的耗能性能进行数值分析,研究了开孔形状、肢宽与肢高等参数对新型耗能器耗能性能的影响。分析结果表明:新型H型钢耗能器具有饱满的滞回曲线,屈服位移较小、耗能性能稳定,耗能器的屈服位移、初始刚度和等效阻尼比随各肢钢板宽度增大(或高度减小)而增大;在开孔率相近或者肢宽相同的情况下,菱形孔H型钢耗能器的等效阻尼比要比条形孔和椭圆形孔的大,且应力分布更加均匀。     

钢结构人行天桥自振频率优化分析

为了提高人行天桥的整体安全性,该文在结构设计的理论基础上提出了一系列有效措施。以楚雄市某钢箱人行天桥为依托,采用结构优化的方式,利用有限元软件建立参数化模型,以梁高和二期荷载为变量,以基频和时程为目标函数,分别将钢箱梁梁高增加20 cm和30 cm,将原混凝土铺装更换为轻型材料聚氨酯塑胶,天桥的基频提高到原来的两倍多。结果表明:梁高和铺装对人行天桥抗震性能有着显著的影响,增加梁高,采用轻型铺装,能有效地优化人行天桥的自振频率,保证了结构安全,可为类似结构的安全运行提供有力参考。     

软弱围岩节理性质对隧道塌方范围影响研究*

为探究节理岩体在节理扩展-节理破坏-岩体失稳过程中的力学特性变化及变形破坏规律,采用块体离散元软件3DEC进行数值模拟,对节理岩体中隧道开挖后围岩的应力变形状态进行研究。结果表明:法向刚度较小时,可能造成的塌方范围大,法向刚度较大时,造成的塌方范围小;节理剪切刚度对隧道塌方范围的影响较小;节理内摩擦角变化对断层塌落体及上覆未塌落体范围的影响较小。     

气瓶腐蚀缺陷应力分析及寿命预测*

为研究气瓶全生命周期腐蚀缺陷与剩余寿命的关系,基于ANSYS建立某型号车用压缩天然气钢瓶有限元模型,分析内腐蚀深度0.1~3.0 mm状态下,气瓶Mises应力分布与应力强度变化规律;根据应力分析,应用局部应力应变理论和修正的Manson Coffin公式进行寿命预测。结果表明:随着气瓶腐蚀缺陷的加深,气瓶额定载荷下的应力分布呈现向缺陷区域集中、应力强度增大的趋势,且腐蚀曲线存在明显拐点;使用应力分析与寿命预测相结合的方法,得出含腐蚀缺陷车用气瓶寿命—腐蚀深度关系曲线,可为气瓶安全使用管理提供参考。     

隧道盾构下穿车站出入口数值仿真对比研究

运用基于有限单元法的Ansys软件和基于有限差分法的Flac3D软件作为基本工具,选用满足Drucker-Prager(D-P)屈服准则和Mohr-Coulomb(M-C)屈服准则的材料弹塑性模型,对某隧道盾构下穿近距离既有地铁出入口人行通道的施工过程进行数值仿真分析;得出其地层变位规律及对结构内力和变形产生的影响;将所得计算数值与实测数据进行对比研究,其结果相当吻合;同时对不同软件及不同屈服准则的选用所引起的计算结果的差异进行分析比较,所得规律可为类似工程的设计与施工以及相关软件计算结果的使用提供依据和支持。     

Some 2D–3D aspects of shielding of longitudinal sources of extremely low frequency magnetic fields

Typical sources of extremely low frequency magnetic fields include components of the power network and, as an extension, AC railway powering. The majority of these sources have longitudinal shapes. There is sometimes the need to reduce these fields in specific areas of interest. In this article, practical aspects are studied of shielding design when this type of source is involved. The focus is on design features not often treated in the shielding literature. One aspect relates to the differences between 2D and 3D simulations and experimental validation for a relatively long system of conductor and shield; as an example, the screening of the magnetic field of a railway system is presented. Another aspect relates to issues that arise when edge effects become relevant for actual systems. It is established that shielding factors are considerably improved when shielding of the edges is properly taken into account. The presence of gaps or loose contacts that are often responsible for low shielding efficiency is also studied. Experimental tests show that overlapping shields or the use of conductive patches significantly improves shielding efficiency. A last aspect is related to cost-effectiveness of shielding designs; in this case, numerical computations are used for benchmarking shielding properties for long busbars in secondary substations.     

地质环境评价方法应用比较研究——以小秦岭金矿区为例

针对不同的环境评价方法在特定领域获得广泛的应用,但是在其他领域却又存在一定局限性的状况。本文选取了目前常用的四种环境评价方法：主分量分析法、物元评价法、模糊数学评价法、灰色聚类评价法,对各自评价机理进行了介绍,然后以小秦岭金矿区为例,将其应用于地质评价领域,根据得到的结果从四个方面对评价方法作了比较分析,得出了这四种方法在地质评价领域的优点和不足。     

Factors affecting distribution and mobility of trace elements (Cu, Pb, Zn) in a perennial grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) in the Champagne region of France

Soil and Vitis vinifera L. (coarse and fine roots, leaves, berries) concentration and geochemical partitioning of Cu, Pb and Zn were determined in a contaminated calcareous Champagne plot to assess their mobility and transfer. Accumulation ratios in roots remained low (0.1-0.4 for Cu and Zn, <0.05 for Pb). Differences between elements resulted from vegetation uptake strategy and soil partitioning. Copper, significantly associated with the oxidisable fraction (27.8%), and Zn with the acid soluble fraction (33.3%), could be mobilised by rhizosphere acidification and oxidisation, unlike Pb, essentially contained in the reducible fraction (72.4%). Roots should not be considered as a whole since the more reactive fine roots showed higher accumulation ratios than coarse ones. More sensitive response of fine roots, lack of correlation between chemical extraction results and vegetation concentrations, and very limited translocation to aerial parts showed that fine root concentrations should be used when assessing bioavailability.     

南京城区冬季大气污染特征

为探究南京城区冬季主要大气污染物浓度变化规律,运用南京市空气自动监测站的φ(CO)、φ(O₃)、φ(NO₂)、φ(SO₂)、ρ(PM_2.5)和ρ(PM₁₀)逐时资料,结合同期气象数据,分析了2014年冬季(2014年12月—2015年2月)南京城区大气污染浓度水平和变化特征,探讨2015年春节期间在实施减排措施下气象条件对空气质量的影响.结果表明:① 观测期φ(CO)日均值和φ(O₃)小时均值未超过GB 3095—2012《环境空气质量标准》二级标准限值;ρ(PM_2.5)、ρ(PM₁₀)、φ(NO₂)、φ(SO₂)日均值分别超标44%、38%、34%、2%;ρ(PM_2.5)、ρ(PM₁₀)最大日均值分别为231和283 μg/m3,分别是GB 3095—2012二级标准限值的3.1、1.9倍. ② 日变化分析显示,φ(CO)与φ(NO₂)呈早晚双峰型变化,与早晚交通高峰源排放有关;φ(O₃)呈明显的单峰型,在午后出现峰值;φ(SO₂)呈单峰型且夜间浓度低于白天;ρ(PM_2.5)和ρ(PM₁₀)为双峰型变化,峰值出现在10:00和22:00左右. ③ 南京地区污染物周末浓度整体高于工作日,其中周末φ(CO)、φ(NO₂)和ρ(PM_2.5)显著高于工作日,“周末效应”显著. ④ 2015年春节期间,南京实施减排措施后,即使在不利的气象条件下,污染物浓度也未出现明显升高,说明减排措施有效削弱了污染源的排放,是保持南京地区良好空气质量的重要因素.