Kinetic and 2D reactor modeling for simulation of the catalytic reduction of NOx in the monolith honeycomb reactor

Emission of NO_x is of primary environmental concern in the oil sands industry. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is one of the best NO_x reduction technologies. The present study discusses the testing of a mechanistic kinetic model for the SCR of NO_x to describe the kinetics of V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalysis at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of 623 K in a monolith honeycomb reactor. The modeling results impart insight into the significance of the diffusion with reaction steps and guidance for optimal monolith design for SCR. The validated expression would predict the conversion performance of the catalysts for different values of temperature inlet and ammonia concentration. A good agreement between experimental and model results has been obtained. A heterogeneous numerical model consisting of coupled mass and momentum balance equations was solved using the finite elements method without neglecting the axial dispersion term. The operating range for the catalyst relies on the NO conversion and emission. The optimum operating range for the best performance of the reactor is discussed.     

Factors affecting distribution and mobility of trace elements (Cu, Pb, Zn) in a perennial grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) in the Champagne region of France

Soil and Vitis vinifera L. (coarse and fine roots, leaves, berries) concentration and geochemical partitioning of Cu, Pb and Zn were determined in a contaminated calcareous Champagne plot to assess their mobility and transfer. Accumulation ratios in roots remained low (0.1-0.4 for Cu and Zn, <0.05 for Pb). Differences between elements resulted from vegetation uptake strategy and soil partitioning. Copper, significantly associated with the oxidisable fraction (27.8%), and Zn with the acid soluble fraction (33.3%), could be mobilised by rhizosphere acidification and oxidisation, unlike Pb, essentially contained in the reducible fraction (72.4%). Roots should not be considered as a whole since the more reactive fine roots showed higher accumulation ratios than coarse ones. More sensitive response of fine roots, lack of correlation between chemical extraction results and vegetation concentrations, and very limited translocation to aerial parts showed that fine root concentrations should be used when assessing bioavailability.     

地质环境评价方法应用比较研究——以小秦岭金矿区为例

针对不同的环境评价方法在特定领域获得广泛的应用,但是在其他领域却又存在一定局限性的状况。本文选取了目前常用的四种环境评价方法：主分量分析法、物元评价法、模糊数学评价法、灰色聚类评价法,对各自评价机理进行了介绍,然后以小秦岭金矿区为例,将其应用于地质评价领域,根据得到的结果从四个方面对评价方法作了比较分析,得出了这四种方法在地质评价领域的优点和不足。     

Some 2D–3D aspects of shielding of longitudinal sources of extremely low frequency magnetic fields

Typical sources of extremely low frequency magnetic fields include components of the power network and, as an extension, AC railway powering. The majority of these sources have longitudinal shapes. There is sometimes the need to reduce these fields in specific areas of interest. In this article, practical aspects are studied of shielding design when this type of source is involved. The focus is on design features not often treated in the shielding literature. One aspect relates to the differences between 2D and 3D simulations and experimental validation for a relatively long system of conductor and shield; as an example, the screening of the magnetic field of a railway system is presented. Another aspect relates to issues that arise when edge effects become relevant for actual systems. It is established that shielding factors are considerably improved when shielding of the edges is properly taken into account. The presence of gaps or loose contacts that are often responsible for low shielding efficiency is also studied. Experimental tests show that overlapping shields or the use of conductive patches significantly improves shielding efficiency. A last aspect is related to cost-effectiveness of shielding designs; in this case, numerical computations are used for benchmarking shielding properties for long busbars in secondary substations.     

汶川地震孕震机理的研究及其对地震预报的启示

2008年5月12日汶川8.0级大地震突发在现今并不活动的龙门山断裂带上,引起社会及学术界的巨大反响,该地震的孕震机理及如何预报问题更引起广泛关注.本文试图从纵横两个侧面来研究汶川地震发生的机理,即:先利用GPS资料研究地表的变形场,然后运用数值方法对横跨龙门山断裂带的一个剖面进行模拟.文中的计算结果显示:①汶川地震前龙门山断裂带及附近地区地表的主应变率的方位与该区域的地应力方位基本一致,但形变量值很小,表明断层处于闭锁之中;②对地震发生过程进行有限元模拟的结果,显示等效应力及变形能量密度在空间分布由分散状态逐步向龙门山地区集聚,龙门山断裂带上地震复发周期约为3 163年.因此,根据前人的研究结果及本文的研究认为汶川大地震的动力成因可能为:随着印度洋板块对欧亚大陆的不断挤压碰撞,青藏高原隆升后形成的物质东流在向东运动过程中由于受到稳定的四川盆地的阻挡,一部分东流物质在川西地区囤积,造成龙门山隆升;高角度、铲状的龙门山断层面上的正应力随着川西高原的向东运动而不断增大,再加上断层附近介质刚性大,这就导致该断层的闭锁程度增高;但另一方面随着高原东流物质的不断向东运动,龙门山下部地壳囤积的东流物质不断地向斜上方推挤龙门山断层上盘,这样会导致龙门山断裂带上的剪应力越来越大;当剪应力超过摩擦强度时,断层解锁发生地震.最后,针对这种发震机理的新型地震,提出了今后关于地震预报的几点思考.     

南京城区冬季大气污染特征

为探究南京城区冬季主要大气污染物浓度变化规律,运用南京市空气自动监测站的φ(CO)、φ(O₃)、φ(NO₂)、φ(SO₂)、ρ(PM_2.5)和ρ(PM₁₀)逐时资料,结合同期气象数据,分析了2014年冬季(2014年12月—2015年2月)南京城区大气污染浓度水平和变化特征,探讨2015年春节期间在实施减排措施下气象条件对空气质量的影响.结果表明:① 观测期φ(CO)日均值和φ(O₃)小时均值未超过GB 3095—2012《环境空气质量标准》二级标准限值;ρ(PM_2.5)、ρ(PM₁₀)、φ(NO₂)、φ(SO₂)日均值分别超标44%、38%、34%、2%;ρ(PM_2.5)、ρ(PM₁₀)最大日均值分别为231和283 μg/m3,分别是GB 3095—2012二级标准限值的3.1、1.9倍. ② 日变化分析显示,φ(CO)与φ(NO₂)呈早晚双峰型变化,与早晚交通高峰源排放有关;φ(O₃)呈明显的单峰型,在午后出现峰值;φ(SO₂)呈单峰型且夜间浓度低于白天;ρ(PM_2.5)和ρ(PM₁₀)为双峰型变化,峰值出现在10:00和22:00左右. ③ 南京地区污染物周末浓度整体高于工作日,其中周末φ(CO)、φ(NO₂)和ρ(PM_2.5)显著高于工作日,“周末效应”显著. ④ 2015年春节期间,南京实施减排措施后,即使在不利的气象条件下,污染物浓度也未出现明显升高,说明减排措施有效削弱了污染源的排放,是保持南京地区良好空气质量的重要因素.      

关中地区细颗粒物碳组分特征及来源解析

为研究关中地区细颗粒物中碳组分的污染特征及其来源,于2017年9月4日至2018年1月19日在关中地区5个主要典型城市(西安、渭南、铜川、宝鸡和咸阳)设置采样点(XA、WN、TCH、BJ和XY)进行细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))的手工采样观测,碳组分环境样品采用热光透射法(TOT)分析.结果表明,细颗粒物中OC和EC平均浓度分别为(14. 48±7. 86)μg·m~(-3)和(2. 27±0. 95)μg·m~(-3),占比分别为18. 04%和2. 99%,与其他城市相比污染较为严重.碳组分占比的空间分布为XY WN XA BJ TCH,且季节差异明显,冬季占比高于秋季. OC与EC的相关性显著(R~2=0. 79),有着较为相同的污染来源.OC1在碳组分中比例最高为23. 44%,碳组分的浓度顺序为OC1 EC2 EC3 OC4 EC1 OC2 OC3 EC4 EC6 EC5.正矩阵因子分解模型的源解析结果表明,该地区碳组分的4类主要贡献源为生物质燃烧与燃煤源、汽油车尾气、柴油车尾气和道路扬尘污染源,贡献率分别为48. 63%、23. 07%、18. 82%和9. 47%,各点位的污染贡献结构有着明显的差异.     

褐煤燃烧过程中重金属元素分布特征及其对环境影响评价

针对云南小龙潭矿区褐煤及燃烧产物中重金属元素As、Cd、Sb、Pb、Hg的含量,通过室内模拟燃烧,研究了5种元素在煤燃烧过程中的分布行为,揭示了它们在燃煤产物中的分配富集特征,分析了这些元素产生的环境影响.结果表明,Hg的挥发性最强,在300℃下就有极高的挥发率,到500℃挥发殆尽,挥发性为Hg ＞As＞ Cd ＞Sb ＞Pb,而重金属的赋存状态对其挥发性有明显的影响.最后通过环境效应评价其燃烧过程的挥发对大气的影响发现在室内模拟燃烧下属重污染,这与室内试验挥发率较大有关,而电厂动态燃烧下为微污染,所以燃烧方式以及燃烧工况等对微量重金属的挥发性有明显的控制作用.     

核电站电缆桥架力学计算及工程应用

目的研究电缆桥架的受力规律。方法采用通用有限元程序ANSYS对电缆桥架进行整体建模与力学分析,探讨S2型支架、S4型支架以及梯形支架的抗震能力,研究不同方钢长度和不同托臂层数对支架抗震能力的影响,并探讨三种截面形式的托臂承载能力。结果梯形支架比其他两种支架抗震能力强。增加方钢长度和托臂层数会提高支架的受力,降低其抗震能力。双层异形钢截面的托臂更能有效地提高其承载能力。结论为以后核电站电缆桥架的自主设计和改进打下了基础。     

整体壁板增量压弯试验与模拟

采用逐点增量弯曲的方法对网格式带筋整体壁板进行了试验研究,并进行了有限元模拟。研究表明:采用增量压弯成形工艺可以成形出具有一定曲率外形的整体壁板;压弯过程中蒙皮始终处于弹性变形阶段,筋条既有弹性变形产生,又有塑性变形产生;压下量达到一定值时,塑性变形的比率急剧增加。