井下光谱多参数分析系统开发

本系统基于气体浓度光学分析方法理论朗伯-比尔(Lambert-Beer)定律、光谱气体检测技术开发,实现了对煤矿火灾与瓦斯灾害超前预警、灾害产生的有毒有害气体实时监测和煤矿环境气体爆炸危险性辨识,对于煤矿灾害防治、救灾过程中杜绝次生灾害,保障煤矿工人及救护队员的生命安全,促进煤矿安全生产具有重要意义。     

Safety-related conclusions for the application of ultrasound in explosive atmospheres

International safety regulations such as EN 1127-1 consider ultrasound to be an ignition source. Currently, applications of ultrasound in explosive atmospheres have to comply with a threshold value of 1 mW/mm². However, it is unclear as to how this intensity has to be measured and, therefore, this threshold value is poorly defined. Moreover, it is based on theoretical estimations in analogy to other ignition sources and there are no publications or significant records on these estimations. Within a research project at PTB, it has now been investigated experimentally in relation to worst-case considerations including airborne ultrasound, focused MHz ultrasound in liquids and acoustic cavitation. On the basis of the results of the research it is now possible to revise the current regulations and to specify measures for safe operation of ultrasonic applications in explosive atmospheres. In this context, for ultrasound coupled directly to gaseous atmospheres a new threshold value of 170 dB (re. 20 μPa) can be suggested, and for ultrasonic applications in liquids, an augmentation can be made to the threshold to 400 mW/mm².     

The Spatiotemporal Pattern of Fires in Northern Taiga Larch Forests of Central Siberia

The periodicity of fires in larch forests of Evenkia and their relationship with landscape elements have been studied. Cross-sections with “burns” in them caused by past fires have been analyzed in 72 test plots; the fire chronology encompassed the period from the 15th to the 20th century. The between-fire intervals (BFIs) have been calculated by two methods: (I) on the basis of burns alone and (II) on the basis of burns and the start of growth of the new generation of larch after the earliest fire. The BFI depends on local orographic features; it is 86 ± 11 (105 ± 12), 61 ± 8 (73 ± 8), 139 ± 17 (138 ± 18), and 68 ± 14 (70 ± 13) years for northeastern slopes, southwestern slopes, bogs, and flatlands, respectively. The mean BFIs calculated by methods I and II are 82 ± 7 and 95 ± 7 years, respectively. The permafrost horizon rises at a mean rate of 0.3 cm per year after a forest fire. It has been shown that the number of fires regularly peaks at periods of 36 and 82 years. There is also a temporal trend in fire frequency: the mean BFI was approximately 100 years in the 19th century and 65 years in the 20th century.     

Tropic attributes of the mudskipper, Periophthalmus barbarus (Gobiidae: Oxudercinae) in the mangrove swamps of Imo River estuary, Nigeria

Aspects of the trophic attributes of the mudskipper,Periophthalmus barbarus occurring in the mangrove swamps of ImoRiver estuary, Nigeria, were investigated during a 12-month period(April, 1992-March, 1993). Feeding intensity increased with size;it was higher in the dry season (November-April) than in the wetseason (May-October); monthly changes in the indices of feedingintensity were significantly correlated. Major food objectscomprised detritus and benthic algae; crustaceans, insects,macrophyte matter and sand grains were minor food objects whilefish, molluscs, Chilopoda, nematodes and fungi were unconsciouslydevoured objects. Diet varied seasonally; algae and sesarmid crabswere generally more in the dry season than during the rains whereasFPOM and fish increased in the wet over dry season. The mudskipperdisplay a high degree of euryphagy and can be considered as ageneralist and an omnivore. The lower trophic status of P. barbarusqualifies it as a good aquaculture candidate. Food richness washigher in big-sized class (BSC) than small-sized class (SSC).Size-based and seasonal variations were not apparent in foodrichness. Diet breadth was higher in the BSC than the SSC; therewas dry season increase in diet breadth.     

The use of ecological scales for indication of the current state of forest communities

A method for estimating the current state of plant communities based on the ecological amplitudes of constituent species is proposed. An original program, Fitoindikatsiya, has been developed to compute the indices of disturbance and homogeneity of plant communities from species ecological scale values. The current state of pine forests in the part of Novosibirsk oblast east of the Ob River has been analyzed; slightly, moderately, and severely disturbed zones have been distinguished.     

哈尔滨市秸秆焚烧大气污染负荷估算方法研究

本文针对近些年哈尔滨秋末冬初大气污染程度增加的溯源问题,基于静风污染气象及降雪对秸秆焚烧的影响等基本假设,采用箱式模型和优化拟合的方法对秸秆焚烧产生污染物的源强及其负荷进行了估算.通过对2015年和2017年典型时段数据的优化拟合得到降雪前重污染天气下PM₁₀排放源强分别为20.16、21.83 μg·m^-2·s^-1,CO的排放源强分别为149.32、138.65 mg·m^-2·s^-1;降雪后重污染天气下PM₁₀排放源强分别为15.98、7.09 μg·m^-2·s^-1,CO的排放源强分别为122.91、89.21 mg·m^-2·s^-1.由降雪前后各污染物的源强差得到2015年和2017年秸秆焚烧产生的PM₁₀的排放源强分别为4.18、14.74 μg·m^-2·s^-1,负荷分别为20.73%、67.52%;CO的排放源强分别为26.41、49.44 mg·m^-2·s^-1,负荷分别为17.69%、35.66%.本文为相关清单的研究提供了一种客观的校核方法,具有重要的社会、环境及现实意义.     

基于神经网络的东北地区秸秆焚烧预测

选取农作物秸秆露天燃烧严重的东北地区,采用人工神经网络的方法,结合卫星火点和气象数据,开展秸秆露天燃烧预测研究.结果表明：人工神经网络预测模型成功验证了松嫩平原地区2015年10月25日~11月15日的秸秆露天燃烧情况,其准确度为67.1%,经过多次试验,在神经网络建模与验证数据配比为80：20时,预测准确度最高,可达69.7%,同时该模型的稳定性较好.而对不同区域,不同时间段的预测研究表明,人工神经网络较适用于长时间序列的预测.就影响因素而言,相对湿度是影响秸秆露天燃烧的最重要因素.本研究结果可为空气质量模式提供火点预测数据,提高其预报预警能力,为区域联防联控政策的制定提供科技支持.     

滤纸法测定悬浮物的干扰及其消除

提出了滤纸法测定悬浮物时，水样的酸碱度，取样量的多少对悬浮物测定有直接的影响。通过实验验证，对于偏酸，偏碱的水样用酸碱中和后再过滤即可消除影响，取样量应根据悬浮物的不同而定。     

Economic development and environmental protection: an ecological economics perspective

This paper argues on both theoretical and empirical grounds that, beyond a certain point, there is an unavoidable conflictbetween economic development (generally taken to mean 'materialeconomic growth') and environmental protection. Think for a moment of natural forests, grasslands, marine estuaries, salt marshes, and coral reefs; and of arable soils, aquifers, mineraldeposits, petroleum, and coal. These are all forms of 'natural capital' that represent highly-ordered self-producing ecosystemsor rich accumulations of energy/matter with high use potential (low entropy). Now contemplate despoiled landscapes, eroding farmlands, depleted fisheries, anthropogenic greenhouse gases,acid rain, poisonous mine tailings and toxic synthetic compounds.These all represent disordered systems or degraded forms of energy and matter with little use potential (high entropy). The main thing connecting these two states is human economic activity. Ecological economics interprets the environment-economyrelationship in terms of the second law of thermodynamics. The second law sees economic activity as a dissipative process. Fromthis perspective, the production of economic goods andservices invariably requires the consumption of available energy and matter. To grow and develop, the economynecessarily 'feeds' on sources of high-quality energy/matter first produced by nature. This tends to disorder and homogenizethe ecosphere, The ascendance of humankind has consistently been accompanied by an accelerating rate of ecological degradation, particularly biodiversity loss, the simplificationof natural systems and pollution. In short, contemporary political rhetoric to the contrary, the prevailing growth-oriented global development paradigm is fundamentally incompatible with long-term ecological and social sustainability. Unsustainability is not a technical nor economic problem as usually conceived, but rather a state of systemic incompatibilitybetween a economy that is a fully-contained, growing, dependent sub-system of a non-growing ecosphere. Potential solutions fly inthe face of contemporary development trends and cultural values.     

Induction of cytochrome P4501A and endocrine disrupting effects of school incinerator residues

The emission of the dioxin-like compounds from on-site waste incinerators of seven schools in Kyonggi Province of Korea was evaluated by determination of the cytochrome P4501A(CYP1A) catalytic activity and antiestrogenic activity using cell culturemicrobioassay. The residue samples were extracted in a Soxhlet apparatus using toluene for 20 hr. The concentrated crude extractswere fractionated with a basic alumina column. Dioxin-like compounds were then extracted. Induction of CYP1A activity in a rat(H4IIE) hepatoma cell line was used as indicator of biologicaleffect of incinerator residues and measured as 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase(EROD) activities. The EROD activities of fraction II extracts (one of the two extracts) in the H4IIE cells were from 0.044±0.002 to 4.424±0.351 ng-TEQ g^-1 (TCDD Toxicity equivalent), showing relatively high inducing capacity. Antisetrogenicity of the extracts was measured as decrease in E₂-induced cell proliferation. Most of the extracts showed antiestrogenic activity in MCF7-BUS cell.The TEQ levels of the incinerator residues and the antiestrogenicactivities were in good correlation, strongly suggesting that thepotent toxic emissions were indeed produced from the on-site school waste semi-incinerators and could cause the antiestrogenicity.