怎样处理好森林火灾中的诸多问题

根据森林火灾发生的特点,分析火灾发生前后＂消＂与＂防＂的主要矛盾,在森林火灾预防和扑救阶段,应采取不同的应对措施。按照＂预防为主、积极消灭＂的方针,在预防中重宣传教育,发动群众,抓责任落实;在消灭中注重科技手段和措施到位。     

浅议AP1000核电建造过程本质安全化

为推进我国核电产业技术水平的整体跨越,实现我国第三代核电AP1000的自主化过程中的安全,国家核电技术公司（以下简称“国家核电”）在建造过程中通过加强从业人员安全培训、企业安全文化建设和依托项目的安全管理,大力提升人的本质安全化水平;广泛采用新技术、改进施工工艺,实行模块化、专业化施工,加大安全基础设施投入力度,强化建造过程中的安全控制,努力打造核电建造过程中物的本质安全;完善安全管理制度,建设安全责任体系和监督体系,持续提高管理上的本质安全。     

电站锅炉安全管理

本文对锅炉危险、有害因素和事故进行了分析,从锅炉的设计、制造、安装、调试、检验、修理和改造等环节阐述了锅炉安全管理的有关要求,并重点阐述了锅炉使用(运行)过程中的安全管理和锅炉"四管"爆漏的预防措施。     

石化企业平面布局安全设计中事故场景的选择研究

基于安全性能思想的设计方法是石化行业平面布局安全设计的一个重要发展方向,文章对这种设计方法中目前存在的主要不确定因素——事故场景的选择问题进行了研究。对《石油化工企业设计防火规范》等指令性规范中各级别平面布局安全设计的依据进行了统计分析,给出了各级别布局设计中主要的安全考虑和大致的安全间距范围,并对目前安全考虑中存在的模糊性进行了分析,给出了导致其存在的原因主要为＂事故场景考虑不同＂和＂‘相互影响’的含义不同＂;由此,结合事故伤害理论,对石化行业常见的9种19类常见事故场景的后果分析估算,得到了各事故场景对目标设施造成不同程度＂影响＂的范围,并以之为依据,分析给出了各级别布局安全设计中适合考虑的事故场景及适当的安全设计目标。     

AHP—模糊综合评价法在离心泵安全评价中的应用

将模糊综合评价法与层次分析法相结合,建立基于AHP—模糊综合评价模型,并探讨基于AHP—模糊综合评价方法在离心泵安全评价方面的应用。根据离心泵系统的结构、实际运行情况、常见故障模型及历史故障数据建立安全评价指标体系,结合层次分析法确定矩阵权重值,确定单级模糊综合评价结果;利用上述评价结果,可以进行多级模糊综合评价,最后得出离心泵的安全等级。此外,应用Microsoft Visual Studio 2008软件开发工具和Matlab数学软件编制评价程序,提高实用性。     

煤矿安全管理要素探讨

通过对煤矿安全管理要素的分析强调了以人为本的安全管理思路,针对目前煤矿安全管理中存在的一些误区,结合企业实际和其它煤炭企业管理经验,以及安全管理要素相互作用的理论,提出了以＂人＂为本、以＂物＂保＂人＂、以＂环境＂影响＂人＂的管理方法和工作措施。     

火灾频发暴露我国城市公共安全系统脆弱性

为剖析近来我国火灾事故频发的原因,以上海＂11·15＂火灾事故为典型案例,分析了事件灾害过程和行为特征。结果提示：事件过程所暴露的风险管理疏失;安全基础设施薄弱;应急准备欠缺和应急响应能力不足等现象,凸显我国城市公共安全领域的系统脆弱性。系统脆弱性可能是导致＂11·15＂火灾事故发生与成灾的主要原因,作者认为系统脆弱性存在实质是公共安全体系的结构性缺陷。建议应从制度化建设入手,注意克服系统脆弱性,以加强公共安全保障能力,提高社会管理水平。     

河北省太行山区土地资源生态安全预警与调控研究

采用模糊优选模型和情景分析模型,选取河北省太行山区为研究区域,对其进行土地资源生态安全预警分析,并定量测度了各敏感因子对生态安全警情的影响程度。结果表明,研究区土地资源生态安全警情包括中警、轻警、预警3个等级,以轻警为主,所占面积比例达50%以上。从时间尺度上,整体生态安全警情呈缓慢好转态势。从空间尺度上,生态安全预警格局中段警情有所好转,南北两端警情趋于严重,尤其以南部最差。15°坡耕地面积、人口密度、污染负荷指数、人均草地面积、人均林地面积、化肥农药负荷、景观破碎化指数、Shannon多样性指数、人均GDP和三废综合处理率10个敏感因子(权重0.03)是影响研究区生态安全的重要因子,对总系统生态安全的综合贡献必须引起足够重视;各子系统对总系统生态安全的贡献率大小依次为状态子系统压力子系统响应子系统,因此需有针对性地对各个子系统及总系统进行调控。     

An approach to calculating allowable watershed pollutant loads

To improve the management of discharge pollutants loads in the reservoirs’ watershed, an approach of the allowable pollutants loads calculation and its allocation, based on the water environment model, was proposed. Establishment of the approach framework was described at first. Under the guidance of this framework, two major steps were as follows: modeling and scenario analysis were involved and should be applied to support the decision of discharge loads management; Environmental Fluid Dynamic Code (EFDC) model was selected as the kernel model in this framework. In modeling step, spatial discretization for establishing cell map in model, data preprocessing, parameter calibration and uncertainty analysis (which is considered as the significantly relevant factor of the margin of safety (MOS)), were conducted. As a result of the research, the model-based approach presented as a combination of estimation and precise calculation, which contributed to scenario analysis step. Some integrated modules, such as scenario simulation, result analysis and plan optimization were implemented as cycles in the scenario analysis. Finally, allowable pollutant loads under various conditions were calculated. The Chaihe Reservoir in Liaoning Province, China was used as a case study for an application of the approach described above. Results of the Chaihe reservoir water quality simulation, show good agreement with field data and demonstrated that the approach used in the present study provide an efficient and appropriate methodology for pollutant load allocation.     

Patch Mosaic Burning for Biodiversity Conservation: a Critique of the Pyrodiversity Paradigm

Abstract:  Fire management is increasingly focusing on introducing heterogeneity in burning patterns under the assumption that "pyrodiversity begets biodiversity." This concept has been formalized as patch mosaic burning (PMB), in which fire is manipulated to create a mosaic of patches representative of a range of fire histories to generate heterogeneity across space and time. Although PMB is an intuitively appealing concept, it has received little critical analysis. Thus we examined ecosystems where PMB has received the most attention and has been the most extensively implemented: tropical and subtropical savannas of Australia and Africa. We identified serious shortcomings of PMB: the ecological significance of different burning patterns remains unknown and details of desired fire mosaics remain unspecified. This has led to fire-management plans based on pyrodiversity rhetoric that lacks substance in terms of operational guidelines and capacity for meaningful evaluation. We also suggest that not all fire patterns are ecologically meaningful: this seems particularly true for the highly fire-prone savannas of Australia and South Africa. We argue that biodiversity-needs-pyrodiversity advocacy needs to be replaced with a more critical consideration of the levels of pyrodiversity needed for biodiversity and greater attention to operational guidelines for its implementation.