1993年夏季的台风路径特征

１９９３年西北太平洋共生成２８个台风，其移动路径趋势有其独特性。有７个台风登陆日本；８个登陆菲律宾；７个台风登陆我国广东和海南省，直接损失高达７０亿元，为１９４９年以来最严重的一年。但没有一个台风登陆华东和华北沿海，这也是极为罕见的。本文分析了１９９３年台风移动的天气学原因，及其与厄尼诺现象的关系。并着重分析了台风移动路径的卫星云图特征。从而有助于判别台风究竟是北上转向，还是西行登陆我国。     

PERSISTING SEDIMENT YIELDS AND SEDIMENT DELWERY CHANGES1

ABSTRACT: The Buffalo River is a tributary to the Mississippi River in west-central Wisconsin that drains a watershed dominated by agricultural land uses. Since 1935, backwater from Lock and Dam 4 on the Mississippi River has inundated the mouth of the Buffalo's valley. Resurveys of a transect first surveyed across the lake in 1935 and cesium-137 dating of backwater sediments reveal that sedimentation rates at the Buffalo's mouth have remained unchanged since the mid-1940s. Study results indicate that sediment yields from the watershed have persisted at relatively high levels over a period of several decades despite pronounced trends toward less cultivated land and major efforts to control soil erosion from agricultural land. The maintenance of sediment yields is probably due to increased channel conveyance capacities resulting from incision along some tributary streams since the early 1950s. Post-1950 incision extended the network of historical incised tributary channels, enhancing the efficient delivery of sediment from upland sources to downstream sites.     

基于模糊熵和非对称贴近度的安全预警研究

针对道床漏泄严重导致道砟电阻和分路电阻发生变化、继而引起"红光带"与分路不良故障的问题,以ZPW-2000 A轨道电路为例,建立预警指标体系。采用模糊模式识别法对轨道电路状态进行预警。首先,计算各预警指标的隶属度函数和隶属度矩阵,利用模糊熵理论确定各预警指标的权重;其次,采用非对称贴近度原则对预警决策进行识别,以判决系统所属安全等级;最后,以长沙电务段新开铺站为例进行实例验证。结果表明,基于模糊非对称贴近度的轨道电路分路不良预警是可行的,其对轨道电路的安全等级划分更精细,故障预警更精确。     

航迹误差对无人机坠地伤人风险评估的影响

为提高无人机(UAV)安全风险评估的精确性和置信度,在坠地安全风险评估过程中,考虑航迹误差导致的事故瞬间UAV位置和高度的不确定性,及其对坠地撞击点和撞击速度的影响,分析UAV坠地的水平位置误差和高度误差分布特征,确定UAV失效瞬间位置和高度,建立坠地撞击点预测模型,计算其坠地撞击速度,并以M210-RTK型UAV为例,分析不同航迹误差对坠地时间、地面撞击点位置和坠地动能的影响。结果表明:航迹误差作用下,坠地撞击点分布遵循正态分布特征;随着飞行高度的增加,航迹误差对坠地位置的影响逐渐下降,高度误差对坠地动能的影响呈先增后减的趋势。     

Production of sexuals in a fission-performing ant: dual effects of queen pheromones and colony size

Models based on the kin selection theory predict that in social hymenopterans, queens may favor a lower investment in the production of sexuals than workers. However, in perennial colonies, this conflict may be tuned down by colony-level selection because of the trade off between colony survival and reproductive allocation. In this study, we present a survey of sexual production in colonies of Aphaenogaster senilis, a common species of ant in the Iberian Peninsula. Similar to most species that reproduce by fission, males were found in large excess compared to gynes (172:1). Sexuals were more likely to be found in queenless than in queenright (QR) field colonies. However, we also found a few gynes and numerous males in very large QR colonies. We compared these data with those available in the literature for A. rudis, a congeneric species from North America that has independent colony founding. The sex ratio in this species was only five males for each female, and sexuals were mostly found in QR nests, irrespective of colony size. We confirmed queen inhibition of sexual production in A. senilis in laboratory experiments and provide evidence that this inhibition is mediated by a nonvolatile pheromone. To seek the potential source of such a queen pheromone, we analyzed the secretions of two conspicuous exocrine glands, the Dufour’s and postpharyngeal glands (DG and PPG, respectively) in both queens and workers. Both secretions were composed of hydrocarbons, but that of DG also contained small quantities of tetradecanal and hexadecanal. The hydrocarbon profile of the DG and PPG showed notable caste specificity suggesting a role in caste-related behavior. The PPG secretions also differed between colonies suggesting its role in colony-level recognition. We suggest that in A. senilis, there are two modes of colony fission: First, in very large colonies, gynes are produced, probably because of the dilution of the queen pheromone, and consequently one or more gynes leave the mother colony with workers and brood to found a new nest. This is beneficial at the colony level because it avoids the production of costly sexuals in small colonies. However, because the queen and workers have different optima for sexual production, we hypothesize that queens tend to overproduce the pheromone to delay their production. This in turn may drive workers to leave the mother colony during nest relocation and to produce sexuals once they are away from the queen’s influence, creating a second mode of colony fission.     

对福建深沪海底古森林遗址古地理环境的探讨

前人在1987年就开始对福建深沪海底古森林遗址进行了研究,本文在前人调查研究工作的基础上,通过钻探、坑探、14C测年、微体古生物分析等工作,探讨了福建深沪海底古森林遗址古地理环境及海陆变迁情况。该海底古森林生长于全新世长乐组冲洪积地层中,距今约7 000~7 700 a,为湿热气候环境。牡蛎的生长环境为滨海泥滩环境,距今约26 000~27 000 a左右和距今约4 500 a,处于海侵影响范围。研究表明该处经历过多次海陆变迁。     

湖南骑田岭岩体北东部角闪石黑云母二长花岗岩的40Ar-39Ar定年及其意义

对骑田岭岩体主体仰天湖单元粗中粒斑状角闪石黑云母二长花岗岩进行了黑云母40Ar-39Ar年龄测定,获得坪年龄为(155.1±1.8)Ma,等时线年龄为(154.7±1.8)Ma.该年龄样品提高了骑田岭岩体形成时代的面上控制程度,与前人有关高精度年代资料一起说明骑田岭序列为中侏罗世末-晚侏罗世初形成的大岩基,基本排除其内部有其它时代成分的可能.结合骑田岭地区锡矿与花岗岩的关系,认为江口一带具有寻找锡矿的前景.     

电动软轴式玻璃升降器导轨的设计及成形工艺研究

介绍了电动软轴式玻璃升降器的工作原理。针对某种轿车的玻璃升降器 ,介绍了升降器的机构约束方法 ,并用UGII软件对其运动过程进行了仿真 ,确定了玻璃升降器螺旋导轨的曲率及螺旋导程。由于螺旋导轨成形极其困难 ,对导轨的形状进行修改 ,将螺旋形导轨改为扭转的圆弧导轨。介绍了扭转圆弧导轨的几种成形方法     

城市轨道交通项目主要环境问题简要分析——以哈尔滨市轨道交通一期工程为例

通常以电能为动力,采取轮轨运转方式的快速大运量公共交通总称为轨道交通.未来10年,中国城市、城际轨道交通建设里程将达到1200公里～1500公里,它意味着未来城市交通结构趋于合理,公共交通成为城市主导客运方式,交通拥堵状况得到缓解和改善.在不断发展的同时,城市轨道交通建设由于其本身的特点,其噪声和振动的环境污染越来越引起关注.本文分析该行业重点环境问题,有效的控制轨道交通运营中的环境污染,最大限度的减少对沿线环境的影响.     

江苏扬州西部岗地晚第四纪沉积物的细颗粒（4 — 11 μm）石英光释光测年及其气候地层意义

江苏省扬州地区西部的岗地地貌受控于区域内的NW向走滑并正断的无锡-宿迁断裂的长期活动,同时该断层的活动性也是一个关系到长三角地区地壳稳定性的重要地质问题,而研究该问题的一个关键是对该断层两侧晚第四纪地层的划分及绝对年代的确定。本文对17个采自岗地的样品使用光释光（OSL）测年法中的细颗粒（4—11 μm）石英测试技术,采用SMAR法和TT-OSL法进行D _e 值的测试及年龄对比,较系统地对江苏扬州西部岗地晚第四纪沉积物年代和地层层序进行了探讨。结果表明：SMAR法较适用于D _e <300 Gy的样品;TT-OSL法对于较“低”剂量的样品效果差,而对D _e >200 Gy的样品测试更适宜,误差相对SMAR法结果更小,与地层的沉积层序符合的更好。17个样品的OSL年龄结果表明：本区岗地主要为晚更新世沉积物,沉积速率约0.1 mm?a ^?1;在水系及湖岸的附近有少量全新世沉积发育。根据所有样品的宏观岩性和年龄分布,本文初步认为晚更新世沉积物主要形成于MIS5—MIS4阶段、MIS2阶段,沉积物主要为风成,对应区域上的下蜀土,堆积期间本区地壳相对稳定,无锡-宿迁断裂无明显活动。在冰后期—全新世随着气候的变暖,海平面上升,河湖泛滥,水系边缘发育少量湖沼相沉积。总体而言,本区的晚更新世—全新世沉积形成主要受到气候变化影响,构造影响不明显。