超高浓度萘系磺酸染料中间体废液资源化

本文介绍了胺盐萃取回收率液中萘磺酸染料中间体的方法，回收率达９５％以上，回收浓缩液工艺套用，１０ｔ／ｄ废液量的资源化年净效益达５８０万元，投资费用两个月即可全部收回，采用Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ等温方程描述体系中萃取剂用量，待萃物含量和萃取率的关系，使工艺参数的确立和工程设计完全处理指导之下。     

On the Estimation of Dispersal Kernels from Individual Mark-Recapture Data

We present a new method for estimating a distribution of dispersal displacements (a dispersal kernel) from mark-recapture data. One conventional method of calculating the dispersal kernel assumes that the distribution of displacements are Gaussian (e.g. resulting from a diffusion process) and that individuals remain within sampled areas. The first assumption prohibits an analysis of dispersal data that do not exhibit the Gaussian distribution (a common situation); the second assumption leads to underestimation of dispersal distance because individuals that disperse outside of sampling areas are never recaptured. Our method eliminates these two assumptions. In addition, the method can also accommodate mortality during a sampling period. This new method uses integrodifference equations to express the probability of spatial mark-recapture data; associated dispersal, survival, and recapture parameters are then estimated using a maximum likelihood method. We examined the accuracy of the estimators by applying the method to simulated data sets. Our method suggests designs for future mark-recapture experiments. Received: January 2004 / Revised: July 2005     

耗散结构理论在土壤科学上应用途径的探索

本文根据耗散结构的基本理论，结合生产实践经验，提出了表征土壤肥力的非线性微分方程：＝（Ｋ－ｂ）ｘ－βｘ２Ｘ─土壤生物活性，ｔ─时间，Ｋ─生物繁殖系数，ｂ─生物死亡系数，β─生物饱和系数．解这个并不复杂的非线性微分方程，便可知道土壤是处于热力学分枝，还是耗散结构分枝．这对研究土壤肥力的动态变化、土壤肥力的分类、土壤的管理、土壤退化的防止等方面有着无法预测的应用前景．     

An analytical solution of the advection-diffusion equation considering non-local turbulence closure

Atmospheric air pollution turbulent fluxes can be assumed to be proportional to the mean concentration gradient. This assumption, along with the equation of continuity, leads to the advection-diffusion equation. Moreover, large eddies are able to mix scalar quantities in a manner that is counter to the local gradient. We present a general solution of a two-dimension steady state advection-diffusion equation, considering non-local turbulence closure using the General Integral Laplace Transform Technique. We show some examples of applications of the new solution with different vertical diffusion parameterisations.     

用特征有限无法预测大运河对某市潜水污染的影响

用特征有限元法预测了在井群开采条件下大运河对某市潜水污染的影响，计算了直到２０２０年的污染物相对浓度的分布。该方法数值弥散和数值振荡较小，有相当的实用价值。     

上海新港河道耗氧特性研究及其综合整治措施

通过实验室试验测定,得出了上海市新港河道水体和底泥的耗氧特性曲线,分析了水体和底泥耗氧的阶段历时、阶段耗氧特性及动力学过程.在缺乏河道水质模型的情况下,利用耗氧特性曲线可以估算各个阶段的耗氧量和河道的总耗氧量,为河道充氧设备的选择提供一定的理论指导.通过计算,上海新港河道的总耗氧量约为75.7kg/d.上海宏成实业发展有限公司采用充氧曝气、投加微生物、种植水生植物等措施对河道进行了治理,实践表明,这些措施可以使新港河道的水质有明显的改善.     

Evaluating non-equilibrium solute transport in small soil columns

Displacement studies on leaching of bromide and two pesticides (atrazine and isoproturon) were conducted under unsaturated steady state flow conditions in 24 small undisturbed soil columns (5.7 cm in diameter and 10 cm long) each collected from two sites differing in soil structure and organic carbon content in North Germany. There were large and irregular variabilities in the characteristics of both soils, as well as in the shapes of breakthrough curves (BTCs) of different columns, including some with early breakthrough and increased tailing, qualitatively indicating the presence of preferential flow. It was estimated that one preferential flow column (PFC) at site A, and four at site B, contributed, respectively to 11% and 58% of the accumulated leached fraction and to more than 80% of the maximum observed standard deviation (SD) in the field-scale concentration and mass flux of pesticides at two sites. The bromide BTCs of two sites were analyzed with the equilibrium convection-dispersion equation (CDE) and a non-equilibrium two-region/mobile-immobile model. Transport parameters of these models for individual BTCs were determined using a curve fitting program, CXTFIT, and by the time moment method. For the CDE based equilibrium model, the mean values of retardation factor, R, considered separately for all columns, PFCs or non-preferential flow columns (NPFCs) were comparable for the two methods; significant differences were observed in the values of dispersion coefficients of two sites using the two estimation methods. It was inferred from the estimated parameters of non-equilibrium model that 5-12% of water at site A, and 12% at site B, was immobile during displacement in NPFCs. The corresponding values for PFCs of two sites were much larger, ranging from 25% to 51% by CXTFIT and from 24% to 72% by the moment method, suggesting the role of certain mechanisms other than immobile water in higher degrees of non-equilibrium in these columns. Peclet numbers in PFCs of both sites were consistently smaller than five, indicating the inadequacy of the non-equilibrium model to incorporate the effect of all forms of non-equilibrium in PFCs. Overall, the BTCs of individual NPFCs, PFCs and of field average concentration at the two sites were better reproduced with parameters obtained from CXTFIT than by the moment method. The moment method failed to capture the peak concentrations in PFCs, but tended to describe the desorption and tail branches of BTCs better than the curve fitting approach.     

咖啡因在河流沉积物中吸附的影响因素及模拟研究

咖啡因是一种在环境中广泛存在的药物,其在水系环境的迁移和分布主要受到吸附行为的影响.在实验室条件下,近似模拟自然河流水/泥界面,应用中心复合实验设计,考察了温度、pH、有机质含量和转速等对咖啡因吸附的影响;利用实验所得数据,分别拟合和验证了基于线性方程和神经网络的咖啡因吸附模型,通过对比拟合和验证结果得到适用于自然河流的咖啡因吸附模型.实验结果表明,咖啡因在沉积物中的吸附呈现先快速后缓慢的过程,30 h内吸附比例超过90%;咖啡因的吸附是放热反应,低温有利于咖啡因的吸附;而转速增大能促进咖啡因的吸附反应;pH和有机质含量的影响较小.模型模拟结果表明,两种模型均能较好地拟合吸附实验结果,但神经网络模型的拟合程度和精度均优于线性方程模型;且交叉验证结果表明,利用不同组数据进行训练,神经网络模型均取得了优于线性方程的拟合结果.因此,在所考察的因素和浓度范围内,神经网络模型较好地预测了自然河流沉积物中咖啡因的吸附行为.     

延河流域降雨侵蚀力时空分布特征

降雨侵蚀力(R)反映了降水引起土壤水蚀的潜在能力,其时空分布规律定量研究是进行土壤侵蚀预报的基础.利用延河流域22个雨量站24a逐日降雨资料,分析了该区降雨侵蚀力的时空分布特征.结果表明,降雨侵蚀力与降雨量、侵蚀性降雨量具有一致的年内年际变化趋势.降雨侵蚀力年内变化为单峰型,集中分布在5～9月,占全年R值的91.61%.降雨侵蚀力多年平均值为1580.58MJ.mm.(hm2.h.a)-1,最高值(1981年)为2417.70MJ.mm.(hm2.h.a)-1,最低值(1999年)仅585.29MJ.mm.(hm2.h.a)-1,年际间变化为中等变异,变异系数为0.32.烧房砭站多年平均R值最大,为2190.33MJ.mm.(hm2.h.a)-1,镰刀湾和杨山站多年平均R值最小,分别为1151.37MJ.mm.(hm2.h.a)-1和1146.87MJ.mm.(hm2.h.a)-1.R值与侵蚀性降雨量具有一致的空间分布格局,北部雨量站R值年际变化呈现轻微的增加趋势,其它站点R值年际变化相对呈现出轻微的减少趋势,总体上延河流域降雨侵蚀力呈现下降趋势,趋势系数为-0.004.