Selection of microalgae for high CO2 fixation efficiency and lipid accumulation from ten Chlorella strains using municipal wastewater

As significant differences in cellular physiology, metabolic potential and genetics occur among strains with morphological similarity, the screening of appropriate microalgae species for effective CO₂ fixation and biodiesel production is extremely critical. In this study, ten strains of Chlorella were cultivated in municipal wastewater influent (MWI) and their tolerance for MWI, CO₂ fixation efficiency and lipid productivity were assessed. The results showed that the biomass concentrations of four strains (Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella 64.01, Chlorella regularis var. minima and Chlorella sp.) were significantly higher than other strains. When the cultivation systems were aerated with 10% CO₂, Chlorella sp. showed the highest CO₂ fixation efficiency (35.51%), while the highest lipid accumulation (58.48%) was observed with C. vulgaris. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that the cells of both Chlorella sp. and C. vulgaris kept their normal morphologies after 15 day batch culture. These findings indicated that Chlorella sp. and C. vulgaris have fairly good tolerance for MWI, and moreover, Chlorella sp. was appropriate for CO₂ fixation while C. vulgaris represented the highest potential for producing biodiesel.     

吸附苯酚的固定化改性蒙脱土的再生

在固定化改性蒙脱土对苯酚吸附的研究基础上,进一步对固定化改性蒙脱土进行了碱性条件和微生物条件下的再生,并检测再生的效果.碱性再生后固定化改性蒙脱土的吸附能力有一定程度下降.微生物再生效果好于碱性再生,在高效脱酚的瓶形酵母菌(Pityrosporum sp.)作用下,吸附在固定化改性蒙脱土上的苯酚降解率为98.6%,从而达到再生的目的.     

包裹块石煤固氟燃料制备工艺研究

以石灰或烧制白云岩与粘土、低氟无烟煤粉作为包裹材料,通过正交试验方法,对陕西省紫阳县蒿坪镇高氟块状石煤进行了固氟效果研究。结果表明,影响包裹石煤固氟效果的主要因素是无烟煤粉和石灰,影响顺序是无烟煤粉>石灰>粘土。最佳制备工艺条件为石煤块∶无烟煤粉∶石灰∶粘土=70∶10∶10∶5,固氟率达91.9%。     

活性污泥样品荧光原位杂交实验方法研究

采用细菌通用探针EUB338,结合DAPI全细胞染色技术,探讨了针对活性污泥样品的荧光原位杂交实验方法,通过调整样品预处理方法及固定剂类型得到了较理想的荧光原位杂交图片,可以清晰的辨别被杂交细菌的大小、形态及分布,但与探针EUB338杂交的细胞和被DAPI染色的细胞尚不能完全重合,因此仍需进一步改进实验方法。     

华北地区几种冬闲覆盖作物碳氮蓄积及其对土壤理化性质的影响

充分利用华北地区冬季空闲耕地及光热资源,以冬闲耕地为对照,研究二月兰（Orychophragmus violaceus）、毛苕（Vicia uillosa Roth.）、黑麦草（Secale cereale L.）、草木樨（Melilotus officinalis）、紫花苜蓿（Medicago satiua L.）5种不同冬闲覆盖作物地上部、地下部以及总碳、氮的蓄积量及其对土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明：5种覆盖作物总干物质质量在4.6-8.82 t.hm-2之间,是冬闲田干物质质量的1.6-3.1倍。5种覆盖作物全碳蓄积量在1.80-3.14 t.hm-2之间,是冬闲田碳蓄积量的1.9-3.3倍。与对照相比,各覆盖处理均明显提高氮素蓄积,尤以苜蓿最佳,达到了202.8 kg.hm-2,差异显著。试验选择5种肥覆盖均可提高土壤有机质质量分数（0.90-2.86 g.kg）;黑麦草覆盖可明显降低土壤容重（0.08 g.cm3）;毛苕和苜蓿栽培均可显著降低土壤pH,但同时土壤盐分有所增加;二月兰和黑麦草栽培在提高土壤水分含量方面表现最好。     

生物炭强化模拟废水中高浓度苯酚的微生物降解

采用花生壳生物质废物分别在350、550和750℃条件下限氧热解制备生物炭,之后加入到苯酚污染模拟废水中,验证其强化苯酚微生物降解的效果.结果表明,未加生物炭的系统中,苯酚浓度过低(≤110 mg·L~(-1))不能使菌体达到最大浓度,苯酚浓度过高(≥420 mg·L~(-1))则会抑制菌体生长,降解率仅为43.2%,且停滞期长.添加生物炭后,苯酚去除率大幅度提高,在6～16 h时微生物进入对数生长期,苯酚浓度快速降低.2、4和6 g·L~(-1)的生物炭添加量均可使苯酚在16 h内被完全去除,高添加量的生物炭能吸附39.3%的苯酚,降低其对微生物的毒性抑制.550℃热解温度制备的生物炭取得了最好的强化效果,其pH缓冲作用可中和苯酚降解产生的酸性物质,而750℃热解温度制备的生物炭由于pH过高而使菌体难以存活.生物炭在相对低苯酚浓度下(600、800 mg·L~(-1))可显著提高其去除率,分别从29.6%、24.5%升至46.9%、36.9%.而对于初始苯酚浓度高达1000 mg·L~(-1)以上的系统,则需要海藻酸钙凝胶固定菌体到生物炭才能获得较高的降解率.     

冬夏季桂花净光合速率及其对环境因子的响应

桂花Osmanthus fragrans是我国城市园林建设中的重要树种,在上海居住区绿化中应用频度高达98.88%。目前对桂花的研究主要集中在栽培、种植和养护方面,但对其光合和蒸腾特性的研究较少。在自然条件下使用LICOR-6400光合测定仪测量了冬季和夏季桂花的净光合速率[Pn/（μmol·m^-2·s^-1）],以及蒸腾速率[T/（mmol·m^-2·s^-1）]、胞间CO2浓度[Ci/（μmol·L^-1）]、气孔导度[GS/（mol·m^-2·s^-1）]等生理因子,以及气温（t/℃）、相对湿度（RH/%）、光合有效辐射[PAR/（μmol·m^-2·s^-1）]等环境因子的日变化。对桂花净光合作用与各种生理因子和环境因子的关系进行了分析,对桂花冬季和夏季净光合速率以及对高低温的适应策略进行了探讨。结果表明,随着气孔导度和蒸腾速率的增大,净光合速率也逐渐升高,但由于气孔调节的局限,净光合速率在达到最高值后又有所下降。冬季,桂花的光合作用效率降低,但其通过扩大对光适应范围,充分利用正午最适的光温条件来维持一定的净光合速率和固碳量。夏季,桂花通过午休现象和大量的蒸发降温来避免高温高光带来的伤害。冬季和夏季桂花的光合固碳能力相差不大,但夏季的桂花的水分利用效率远低于冬季。     

秸秆还田对江西农田土壤固碳影响的模拟分析

秸秆还田等农田管理措施能有效地增加土壤碳储量,从而有利于减缓大气CO₂浓度的上升趋势。论文基于环境政策综合气候模型(EPIC),采用千烟洲生态试验站和鹰潭生态试验站农田监测场长期观测数据,验证和优化了EPIC模型参数,同时利用1990-2010年江西省气象资料以及土壤清查资料,模拟分析了4种秸秆还田(CR)比例情景下2010-2030年江西省水稻田土壤的固碳潜力。研究结果表明,无秸秆还田 (CR0%)和秸秆还田25%(CR25%)两种处理下耕作层土壤有机碳储量分别下降21.3%和6.5%,秸秆还田50%(CR50%)和100%(CR100%)处理下土壤有机碳储量分别增加5.4%和11.9%;相对CR0%情景而言,CR25%、CR50%、CR100% 情景下江西省水稻田土壤总固碳潜力分别为6.43、14.92和25.26 TgC(1 Tg = 10⁶ t)。研究结果表明,通过合理的调控措施,采用保护性耕作(秸秆还田)是提高水稻田土壤固碳能力的一种有效途径。     

Diversity of free-living nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in wastelands of copper mine tailings during the process of natural ecological restoration

Biological nitrogen fixing is an important source of nitrogen input in the natural ecological restoration of mine wastelands. The diversity of nifH genes in tailings samples under di erent plant communities in Yangshanchong and Tongguanshan wastelands in Tongling, was analyzed using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) approach. The nitrogen-fixing microorganism community in the upper layer of tailings of Tongguanshan wasteland discarded in 1980 showed higher Shannon-Wiener diversity index than that in Yangshanchong wasteland discarded in 1991. The diversity of nifH genes in Yangshanchong wasteland of copper mine tailings did not display a consistent successional tendency with development of plant communities during the process of natural ecological restoration. Phylogenetic analysis of 25 sequences of nifH gene fragments retrieved from the DGGE gels indicated that there were mainly two taxa of free-living nitrogen-fixing microorganisms, Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria living in the wastelands investigated, most of which were unique and uncultured. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) based on the relationship between band patterns of DGGE profile and physico-chemical properties of tailings samples showed that the diversity of nifH genes in di erent tailing samples was mainly a ected by loss of ignition, water content, pH and available Zn contents of wastelands. The dominant plant species and development period of plant communities by ameliorating pH, reducing the toxicity of heavy metals, increasing organic matter and water content a ected the diversity and structure of the free-living nitrogenfixing microorganisms in wastelands of copper mine tailings.