A new method for the prediction of flash points for ternary miscible mixtures

The flash point is one of the most important physicochemical parameters used to characterize the fire and explosion hazard for flammable liquids. The flash points of ternary miscible mixtures with different components and compositions were measured in this study. Four model input parameters, being normal boiling point, the standard enthalpy of vaporization, the average number of carbon atoms and the stoichiometric concentration of the gas phase for mixtures, were employed and calculated based on the theory of vapor–liquid equilibrium. Both multiple linear regression (MLR) and multiple nonlinear regression (MNR) methods were applied to develop prediction models for the flash points of ternary miscible mixtures. The developed predictive models were validated using data measured experimentally as well as taking data on flash points of ternairy mixtures from the literature. Results showed that the obtained average absolute error of both the MLR and the MNR model for all the datasets were within the range of experimental error of flash point measurements. It is shown that the presented models can be effectively used to predict the flash points of ternary mixtures with only some common physicochemical parameters.     

湿热环境中汽车板表面腐蚀萌生与表面轮廓特征的关系

目的探究储运过程中深冲用汽车板表面轮廓对其耐蚀性能的影响。方法在模拟的高温高湿腐蚀环境中研究两类无间隙原子钢在其腐蚀初期表面锈点的萌生规律,并采用白光干涉轮廓仪对钢板的表面形貌特征进行表征,探究影响储运过程中汽车板耐蚀性能的表面状态因素。结果仅通过平均粗糙度Sa的差异无法区分具有不同表面轮廓特征的汽车板,因此也无法使用平均粗糙度参数Sa预估汽车板的耐蚀性能。在锈点萌生初期,汽车板表面轮廓的最大高度Sz和最大峰高Sp值的大小直接影响表面电化学活性。在锈点扩展阶段,汽车板表面波峰聚集程度的作用对锈点扩展的影响更为显著。结论 Sz和Sp越大,锈点萌生的速度越快;波峰聚集程度越高,锈点扩展速度越快。该研究结果为提高钢板表面耐蚀性能提供了一条新的思路。     

Lithium-ion energy storage battery explosion incidents

Utility-scale lithium-ion energy storage batteries are being installed at an accelerating rate in many parts of the world. Some of these batteries have experienced troubling fires and explosions. There have been two types of explosions; flammable gas explosions due to gases generated in battery thermal runaways, and electrical arc explosions leading to structural failure of battery electrical enclosures. The thermal runaway gas explosion scenarios, which can be initiated by various electrical faults, can be either prompt ignitions soon after a large flammable gas mixture is formed, or delayed ignitions associated with late entry of air and/or loss of gaseous fire suppression agent. The electrical explosions have entailed inadequate electrical protection to prevent high energy arcs within electrical boxes vulnerable to arc induced high pressures and thermal loads. Estimates of both deflagration pressures and arc explosion pressures are described along with their incident implications.     

HACCP方法在军用危险品储运管理中的应用

针对军用危险品储运安全所面临的严峻形势,将危害分析和临界控制点(HACCP)方法的预防性管理思想应用在军用危险品的储运管理中。在对某军用危险品仓库储运作业流程分析的基础上,得出各个环节的潜在危害,依据危害对储运安全的影响程度,确定作业中的关键控制点及控制限值。最后针对各个作业环节的潜在危害和关键点,提出预防危害的措施。基于HACCP方法的军用危险品储运管理体系,实现对储运作业各个环节关键点的有效控制,为部队在该领域的安全管理提供了新的思路,具有普遍的应用价值。     

烃类池火灾热辐射量化分析模型探讨

为澄清有关烃类池火灾热辐射量化分析模型选择中存在的问题,针对"池火计算方法"模型进行量纲分析和物理意义方面的讨论,提出该模型在概念使用、量纲关系、热释放速率的计算以及池火焰模化等方面存在的问题。系统阐述点源模型、Shokri-Beyler模型、Mudan模型等常用烃类池火灾热辐射通量分析模型的适用条件和应用范围。点源模型适用于被辐射目标物从池火焰接受的热辐射通量小于5 kW.m-2情况下池火灾热辐射的量化分析;Shokri-Beyler模型主要应用于估算被辐射目标物从池火焰接受的热辐射通量大于5 kW.m-2的情况;Mudan模型可用于估算无风或有风条件下被辐射目标物从池火焰接受的热辐射通量。     

一种减少化肥污染的土壤微生物增肥剂的使用技术

进行了澳大利亚ＳＣ２７土壤微生物增肥剂在番茄、黄瓜、青椒等蔬菜上的田间小区和大田试验,结果表明,ＳＣ２７施用后可改善作物根系生长环境,调控土壤养分供应,改良作物品质,产量提高８％－２０％,减少化肥用量１００ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,并有减轻土传病害和生理障碍的作用。     

River Basin Export Reduction Optimization Support Tool; a tool to screen options for reducing nutrient loads while minimizing cost

Excess loading of nitrogen and phosphorus to river networks causes environmental harm, but reducing loads from large river basins is difficult and expensive. We developed a new tool, the River Basin Export Reduction Optimization Support Tool (RBEROST) to identify the least-cost combinations of management practices that will reduce nutrient loading to target levels in downstream and mid-network waterbodies. We demonstrate the utility of the tool in a case study in the Upper Connecticut River Basin in New England, USA. The total project cost of optimized lowest-cost plans ranged from $18.0 million to $41.0 million per year over 15 years depending on user specifications. Plans include both point source and non-point source management practices, and most costs are associated with urban stormwater practices. Adding a 2% margin of safety to loading targets improved the estimated probability of success from 37.5% to 99%. The large spatial scale of RBEROST, and the consideration of both point and non-point source contributions of nutrients, make it well suited as an initial screening tool in watershed planning.     

侧部点式排烟模式下烟气分层特性研究

引入烟气掺混影响长度的概念,针对侧部点式排烟模式下不同火灾热释放速率、排烟流量等变化条件,对烟气层厚度、烟气层温度及水平流动速度随烟气水平蔓延的变化情况进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明:烟气掺混影响长度与排烟流量成正比例增长关系;排烟流量较小时,烟气存在明显分层,随着排烟流量的增大,烟气层与冷空气层剧烈掺混,烟气层变得紊乱,看不到明显的分层现象;同一纵向条件下排烟口附近上层烟气层的流速值随排烟流量增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势,不同纵向条件下排烟口外侧烟层流速较低,距离排烟口越远时,侧向排烟对烟气蔓延的抑制作用越弱;排烟流量对于烟气层稳定性的抑制作用主要集中在排烟口处及排烟口与隧道端部区段。     

Flammability hazard analysis of imidazolium-based ionic liquid binary mixtures under high temperatures

Ionic liquid (IL) mixtures are promising because they can optimize the involved properties according to industrial needs. It has already been demonstrated that IL flammability is due mainly to IL decomposition generating flammable substances. Four different ILs, 1-Butylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BIM][BF₄]), 1-butylimidazolium nitrate ([BIM][NO₃]), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate([BMIM][BF₄]), and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate ([BMIM][NO₃]), were selected as the parent salts to form the different imidazolium-based IL binary mixtures. These mixtures were tested via isothermal thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) at different temperatures (120, 150, 180, 210, and 240 °C), then tested by the flash point analyzer after isothermal heating pretreatment at the above temperatures. Results show that the mixtures' flash point values decrease with the heating temperature increase. Vaporization of the IL mixtures’ decomposition products results in a higher concentration of flammable gases and a flash point decrease, which lead to the flammability hazard increasing. Moreover, results show that the flash points of the studied binary imidazolium IL mixtures are more similar to those of the more unstable IL in their parent ILs. Also, the flammability hazard of IL binary mixtures may obviously increase under the high temperature environment for a long time.     

The cut-off point for tympanic temperature as a heat strain index for evaluation of outdoor workers: a field study

Objectives. The aims of this study were (a) to assess the agreement coefficient between tympanic temperatures and the most popular and valid heat stress index, wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT), in outdoor environments; (b) to determine a cut-off point for tympanic temperature as a heat strain index for evaluation of outdoor workers. Methods. 1452 measurements of WBGT index and tympanic temperature were recorded for outdoor workers from nine different climatic regions. Consistency of the WBGT and tympanic temperature were tested. The cut-off point for tympanic temperature in outdoor environments regarding WBGT evaluation was suggested based on obtained sensitivity and specificity from a receiver operating characteristic curve. Results. The results showed that there were numerous situations in which WBGT exceeded the reference value, whilst the measured values of tympanic temperature rarely reached a permissible value for core temperature (38?°C). Therefore, appropriate consistency of results between the heat stress and strain indices was not achieved. Conclusion. The criterion of tympanic temperature equaling 37?°C was suggested as a cut-off point for tympanic temperature as a heat strain index for outdoor environment evaluation.