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461.
Richard D. Horan Marc O. Ribaudo 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1999,35(5):1023-1035
In this paper, we review the physical characteristics of agricultural non point pollution and discuss the implications for setting appropriate pollution control objectives and designing incentive-based pollution control policies. First, we discuss that policy objectives must be designed carefully to ensure positive economic net benefits can be expected from pollution control. Next, we review several classes of incentives and recommend the use of design-based incentives (i.e., incentives based on variable input use, management practices, and land use) for controlling non point pollution. Cost-effectiveness requires that incentives elicit three types of responses from farmers: (1) use variable inputs at appropriate levels, (2) adopt appropriate management practices, and (3) make appropriate land use decisions at the extensive margin of production. If a set of incentives fails to induce the correct responses, the resulting runoff levels and hence ambient pollution levels and damages will be too large relative to policy goals. A review of existing programs suggests that greater program coordination and improved targeting of incentives are needed for further water quality improvements. Alternatively, properly designed market-based systems may be effective alternatives. These systems would reduce overall pollution control costs by allowing markets to allocate point source and non point source control costs more efficiently. 相似文献
462.
为保障能源储备安全,探究雷电和静电对储气库安全的影响。根据雷电和静电理论,构建储气库雷静电概率模型,分析雷静电对储气库的影响。考虑天然气扩散的特殊性,选取高斯烟羽模型预测气体扩散范围,并结合闪火后果准则对闪火危害范围进行分析,构建CCPS-BST模型对爆炸危害范围预测,分析风速及大气稳定度对三种危害后果的影响。结果表明,雷静电会增加储气库泄漏后发生闪火和爆炸的概率,气体扩散范围和闪火后果沿主导风向呈梭形分布,蒸气云爆炸后果由中心向四周扩散,三种危害范围都与风速和大气稳定度呈相反的变化。研究结果可为多因素下储气库安全分析研究提供参考,为降低灾害后果和维护储气库的日常安全提供了理论依据。 相似文献
463.
464.
A method has been developed for indirect determination of cyanide in environmental waters based on cloud point extraction (CPE), preconcentration and determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The method was based on reduction of Cu(II) to Cu(I) in the presence of cyanide and complexation of the produced Cu(I)(CN)2? with gallocyanin (GC+) as an ion-pairing reagent at pH 4.0, followed by its extraction into polyethyleneglycol mono-p-nonylphenylether (Ponpe 7.5). Selectivity was improved with the use of suitable masking agents. Various factors influencing separation and preconcentration of cyanide have been investigated, and conditions were optimized, allowing determination of cyanide in the range of up to 1.2 mg L?1 with a detection limit of 0.00045 mg L?1. The method has been applied to the determination of cyanide in environmental waters, the results being in agreement with those obtained by a reference method. 相似文献
465.
This investigation addresses the problem of Non‐Point Source (NPS) pollution in the rural Lake Weatherford watershed in Parker County, Texas. This reservoir is the primary municipal water supply for the City of Weatherford, Texas. The principal method of wastewater disposal is the on‐site system or septic tanks for the small residential areas surrounding the reservoir. Sources of NPS pollution of interest in this watershed include agricultural operations as well as the residential areas. These sites were identified with the aid of aerial photography and field investigation. Suspected NPS problems were substantiated through a sampling program involving chemical and biological testing of the reservoir. Results indicate that there is significant NPS pollution contamination of Lake Weatherford from agricultural sources and seepage from on‐site wastewater disposal systems. Excessive fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus counts (>500 bacteria/100 ml) were generally associated with rainfall events and several samples showed values > 100000 bacteria/100 ml. The fecal coliform/fecal streptococcus ratios indicated contamination from human sources, animal sources, and a combination of both. Nutrient concentrations fluctuated from quite low to high with ammonia as the most consistent problem. High ammonia values were also associated with rainfall events. 相似文献
466.
用防火板模拟建筑外立面,设计了可控流速和开口尺寸的气体燃烧器产生水平湍流浮力射流火焰,系统研究了外立面抑制火焰卷吸所导致的水平湍流浮力射流火焰附壁规律。将火焰流场演变分为两个阶段:(1)出口到流场水平动量衰减为零(等价点)的阶段;(2)火焰附壁或不附壁的阶段。其中,火焰附壁与否很大程度上取决于等价点到出口的水平距离LE。通过分析,我们发现雷诺应力是导致流场水平动量衰减和火焰附壁的主要原因。由此,我们基于普朗特混合长度理论推导了雷诺应力的近似表达式并结合动量控制方程,获得了LE与修正弗洛德数Fr*的线性关系,从理论上解释了出口宽高比n(n=B/H,B是开口宽度;H是开口高度)越大,火焰越容易附壁的现象,并确定了不同开口及流速条件下,火焰附壁的临界条件。 相似文献
467.
介绍低压脉冲袋式收尘器替代传统扁袋除尘器技术在有色金属铜冶炼过程中的应用。通过对原收尘器改造 ,使整个冶炼系统运行正常 ,排放达标 ,取得了较好的社会效益和经济效益。 相似文献
468.
为研究煤层及腐朽坑木着火特性,采集巷道内腐朽坑木与煤样并进行混合,对其混合物进行燃点测定和程序升温实验;通过对不同煤木混合物在升温过程中产生气体的规律性进行分析,优选出混合物产生的单一气体指标及复合指标.研究结果表明:随朽木在混合物中的比例上升,混合物燃点呈下降趋势,且CO,C2 H4等指标气体出现更早,CO产生量更大... 相似文献
469.
在工业生产中,加热工序中产生的含尘热气由抽尘系统抽走,确保生产场所空气达标.这种含尘气流的温度高于常温,在风管中流动时,在管外常温空气冷却下,水汽会部分凝结成露粘附在管内表面.露水又粘结尘灰,形成一层粘结强度很好的尘垢层,影响抽尘热风流正常流动,也影响风管的使用寿命.分析了抽尘热风管内壁尘垢生成机理并提出了防治措施. 相似文献
470.
城镇污水处理厂项目环境影响评价中的重点分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
根据城镇污水处理厂项目的特点,对此类项目环境影响评价中的厂址选择、处理规模及进出水水质的确定以及地表水、恶臭环境影响预测及二次污染控制、污泥处置方案的可行性论证等重点内容进行了分析。 相似文献