The views of experts and residents on social vulnerability to flash floods in an Alpine region of Italy

This paper reports on research work performed for Floodsite a European Community-funded project on the social aspects of vulnerability in the Adige/Sarca river basin of the Trentino-Alto Adige region, Italy. It identifies some limitations to the use of a fixed set of indicators, which fail to account for either local peculiarities or the intangible aspects that contribute to the shaping of social vulnerability. The authors employed a number of methods to investigate the opinions of professionals and residents on risk and safety, distinguishing between the individual and the institutional components of social vulnerability. Adopting a systemic perspective, they explored the interactions between these two elements, showing how they may give rise to unexpected phenomena. The 'safety paradox' and the 'efficiency paradox' are discussed, emerging when increased protection provided by structural devices and dedicated institutions translates into a lack of awareness and agency on the part of residents.     

基于灰关联分析的时间序列改变点搜索研究——以华东地区农业受灾面积序列为例

采用灰关联分析方法,构建了短时间序列中的改变点搜索算法,有效地解决了短时间序列改变点寻找的缺陷.首次将灰关联度算法应用到气象灾害时间序列改变点的搜索中,利用华东地区农业受灾面积时间序列实例来验证灰关联度算法的实用性和有效性.结果表明,用灰关联方法可以有效地获得改变点,并以此对时间序列的发展规律进行趋势与规律分析.     

燃煤电厂烟气脱硝技改前期工作要点分析

国家“十二五”期间将严格控制氮氧化物的排放。介绍了火电厂烟气脱硝技改主要前期工作,并对其中的要点注意事项及协同工作进行分析探讨,以尽可能避免脱硝工程建设中出现“十一五”烟气脱硫工程中的各种弊端,保证脱硝工程建设质量和性能保证。     

城镇污水处理厂项目环境影响评价中的重点分析

根据城镇污水处理厂项目的特点,对此类项目环境影响评价中的厂址选择、处理规模及进出水水质的确定以及地表水、恶臭环境影响预测及二次污染控制、污泥处置方案的可行性论证等重点内容进行了分析。     

Cytogenetic status of human lymphocytes after exposure to low concentrations of p,p'-DDT, and its metabolites (p,p'-DDE, and p,p'-DDD) in vitro

Despite that the use of DDT has been restricted for more than 40 years to malaria affected areas, low doses of this pesticide and its metabolites DDE and DDD can be found in the environment around the world. Although it has been shown that these pollutants induce cell and DNA damage, the mechanisms of their cytogenotoxic activity remains largely unknown. This study looks into their possible genotoxic effects, at doses that can be found in body fluids, on human lymphocytes using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay and the comet assay. After exposure for 1, 6, and 24 h compounds p,p′-DDT (0.1 μg mL⁻¹), p,p′-DDE (4.1 μg mL⁻¹), and p,p′-DDD (3.9 μg mL⁻¹) showed increase in DNA damage. The most significant results were observed at exposure period of 24 h where number of micronucleated cells increased from control 2.5 ± 0.71 to 23.5 ± 3.54, 13.5 ± 0.71, and 16.5 ± 6.36 for DDT, DDE, and DDD, respectively. Similar effect was observed using comet test where the percentage of DNA in comets tail increased from control 1.81 ± 0.16 to 17.24 ± 0.55, 11.21 ± 0.56 and 9.28 ± 0.50 for each compound, respectively. At the same time Fpg-comet assay failed to report induction of oxidative DNA damage of these pollutants. Additionally, the type of cell death was determined using diffusion assay and necrosis dominated. Our findings suggest that even at low concentrations, these pesticides could induce cytogenetic damage to human peripheral blood lymphocytes and in that manner have the impact on human health as well.     

铸造生产企业环评重点及清洁生产分析

金属铸造企业,特别是铸铁生产企业是机械加工行业的重要组成部分之一,本文以中国北车集团沈阳机车车辆有限责任公司铸造系统技术改造为例,针对该厂对铸造系统的改造前后所用工艺及设备的不同,剖析在进行该类项目环评过程中的重点及该类项目的清洁生产工艺情况。     

大气污染物扩散模式的应用研究综述

应用大气污染物扩散模式可以模拟不同尺度、气象、地形条件下工业污染物在大气中的输送与扩散特征,为大气监测、城市环境规划和空气质量预报等工作提供科学依据.归纳了目前广泛应用于模拟工业污染物扩散的模式,着重介绍了近年来国内外对这些模式的主要应用研究进展,比较了各模式在应用上的优缺点,并对大气污染物扩散模式的应用研究前景进行了讨论.     

基于REST+RIA架构的水环境监测点位管理系统

针对目前水环境点位管理中系统化、规范化和标准化方面存在的问题,提出采用REST+RIA的软件架构,引入CA认证技术和GIS技术构建水环境点位管理系统,满足点位管理业务复杂性的要求.结合关键技术对系统的逻辑架构、部署方案、点位管理的业务流程进行了分析和介绍.     

POLICY OBJECTWES AND ECONOMIC INCENTWES FOR CONTROLLING AGRICULTURAL SOURCES OF NONPOINT POLLUTION1

In this paper, we review the physical characteristics of agricultural non point pollution and discuss the implications for setting appropriate pollution control objectives and designing incentive-based pollution control policies. First, we discuss that policy objectives must be designed carefully to ensure positive economic net benefits can be expected from pollution control. Next, we review several classes of incentives and recommend the use of design-based incentives (i.e., incentives based on variable input use, management practices, and land use) for controlling non point pollution. Cost-effectiveness requires that incentives elicit three types of responses from farmers: (1) use variable inputs at appropriate levels, (2) adopt appropriate management practices, and (3) make appropriate land use decisions at the extensive margin of production. If a set of incentives fails to induce the correct responses, the resulting runoff levels and hence ambient pollution levels and damages will be too large relative to policy goals. A review of existing programs suggests that greater program coordination and improved targeting of incentives are needed for further water quality improvements. Alternatively, properly designed market-based systems may be effective alternatives. These systems would reduce overall pollution control costs by allowing markets to allocate point source and non point source control costs more efficiently.     

白银市二氧化硫目标控制点选择与总量控制研究

针对白银市SO₂空气污染较严重并日益加重的情况,笔者引入总量控制方法,谋求从总体上控制白银市SO₂大气污染,达到该区空气质量的改善.研究分析表明,点源占总排放量的88.65%,在44个点源中,只需对20个点源进行削减;为了实行质量目标总量控制,应以控制点源排放为主,并且在点源中,只需要控制部分重点点源,就可以从根本上控制SO₂污染.