原子力显微镜分析聚二甲基二烯丙基铵盐的吸附和絮凝行为:反离子的影响

通过对聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(PDADMAC)改性得到了高分子量的聚二甲基二烯丙基硝酸铵(PDADMANO₃)和聚二甲基二烯丙基硫酸铵(PDADMASO₄).通过电导率,比浓粘度,原子力显微镜,以及高岭土悬浊液絮凝试验的残余浊度,Zeta电位和絮凝指数,研究了一价阴离子(Cl^-,ON₃^-)和二价阴离子(SO₄^2-)对聚二甲基二烯丙基铵盐(PDADMAX)的溶液性质、吸附的结构与形貌和絮凝性能的影响.结果表明:不同的反离子对PDADMAX的溶液性质、吸附的结构与形貌和絮凝性能有显著影响.PDADMANO₃具有更高的絮凝效率和“电中和作用”,而PDADMASO₄具有更宽的最佳絮凝范围和更大的絮体粒径,及更强的“吸附架桥作用”.特别对于聚电解质的吸附和絮凝机理的研究,单个高分子的原子力显微镜图象是一种非常有效地分析方法.     

絮凝过程中絮体生长的多重分形行为

为了研究絮体在絮凝过程中生长的多重分形行为,对用PFS(聚合硫酸铁)处理高岭土原水时混凝过程中絮体生长段的絮体图像进行采集和分析;分析图像多重分形谱及其特征参数行进趋势,而且针对絮体生长规律着重对絮体形态及其分布的演变情况进行了定量化描述.结果表明,随着絮体生长的进行,多重分形谱图的形态由左钩状逐渐转变为右钩状,描述絮体分布均匀性的多重分形谱谱宽Δα由50 s时的1.0213逐渐增大至250 s时的1.3659,Δf(α)的数值大小由于大概率和小概率絮体主导地位的改变而由负转正,f(α)max所表示的简单分形维数由1.9995逐渐降至1.7762.     

混凝过程中流场结构的PIV测量与表征

采用粒子成像速度场仪(PIV)在不投加专用示踪粒子的条件下,以混凝絮体为示踪粒子,对Taylor-Couette反应器内的絮凝反应流场进行测量与表征.结果表明,内筒旋转雷诺数Re在900~2900时,流场中产生的涡具有相似的特殊波状涡结构,相邻涡旋形态大小发生周期性变化,涡间存在主流液体的移动,这种涡结构有利于絮体结合生长成较大的絮体颗粒,便于沉降而导致较高的絮凝沉淀去除率.这也证实PIV技术能够在进行混凝反应的同时,用混凝过程中的微絮体为示踪粒子对混凝过程进行流场测量,不必再额外添加示踪粒子,就能较好地反映混凝过程中涡旋的形态变化特征,从而实现对絮凝过程的同步测量与表征.     

铁盐絮凝法从阳宗海湖水中除砷研究与现场扩大试验

阳宗海是我国云南省第三大高原湖泊,2008年6月发现被砷污染,水质从Ⅱ类下降到劣Ⅴ类.由于阳宗海面积有31km2,蓄水量6.04亿m3,不可能实施传统除砷絮凝法中的预氧化及调p H值等操作,试验研究了直接对阳宗海砷污染湖水雾化喷洒Fe Cl3溶液除砷的工艺条件.结果表明,对于p H 8.6的50 L湖水,Fe Cl3用量为1.62~3.20 mg·L-1即可达到95.1%~96.7%的除砷率.在除砷反应中,湖水的p H值稳定不变,湖中鱼类的生存不受影响,且反应生成的沉淀物在954 d后于湖水中仍稳定存在,检测不出砷.在现场1万m3和25万m3湖水中的扩大试验也取得了良好的除砷效果,为大型湖泊水体减污治理提供了典型实施范例.     

双氧水与硫酸铝联用改善污泥脱水性能的试验研究

基于化学溶胞和絮凝剂单独调理污泥,均能在一定程度上改善污泥脱水性能。通过联用双氧水和硫酸铝对污水厂剩余污泥进行调理,分析两者联用对污泥脱水性能的改善效果,探求最佳的试验条件。将污泥脱水滤液回用至原泥(含水率80%),探求滤液回用在两种药剂联用下对脱水性能的改善效果。试验结果表明:在双氧水和硫酸铝联合调理下,污泥的脱水性能有明显改善;两者联用的最佳条件如下:初始污泥pH=3,投加2 mL/L(AR H_2O_2体积/湿污泥体积)的双氧水,调理60 min,再投加0.2 g/g的硫酸铝。     

提高膨润土絮凝沉降铜绿微囊藻能力的研究

研究了2种提高膨润土絮凝去除铜绿微囊藻效果的方法--在膨润土中引入聚合氯化铝(PAC)及利用壳聚糖将膨润土进行改性处理.实验结果表明,这2种方法均在投加量较低时就能产生明显的去除效果,而相同用量的膨润土则几乎没有去处能力.当膨润土投加量为40 mg/L,PAC投加量为10 mg/L时,两者复合除藻效果最好,藻悬液的浊度...     

Response surface optimization of acid red 119 dye from simulated wastewater using Al based waterworks sludge and polyaluminium chloride as coagulant

In this research, the performance of Polyaluminium Chloride (PAC) and Polyaluminium Chloride sludge (PACS) as coagulants for acid red 119 (AR119) dye removal from aqueous solutions were compared. The sample of PACS was collected from "Baba Sheikh Ali" water treatment plant (Isfahan, Iran) where PAC is used as a coagulant in the coagulation/flocculation process. A response surface methodology was applied to evaluate the simple and combined effects of the operating variables including initial pH, coagulant dosage and initial dye concentration and to optimize the operating conditions of the treatment process. Results reveal that the optimal conditions for dye removal were initial pH 3.42, coagulant dosage of 4.55 g dried PACS/L and initial dye concentration of 140 mg/L for PACS, while the optimal initial pH, coagulant dosage and initial dye concentration for PAC were 3.8, 57 mg/L and 140 mg/L, respectively. Under these optimal values of process parameters, the dye removal efficiency of 94.1% and 95.25% was observed for PACS and PAC, respectively. Although lower amount of PAC in comparison with PACS was needed for specific dye removal, the reuse of PACS as a low-cost material can offer some advantages such as high efficiency for AR119 dye removal and economic savings on overall water and wastewater treatment plant operation costs.     

疏水缔合型有机高分子聚合物对水体中多环芳烃的富集性能

以芘分子为分子荧光探针测定了疏水缔合有机高分子聚合物HAP对多环芳烃类化合物的富集性能.实验证明,疏水缔合聚合物对芘具有良好的胶束增溶和富集作用,且随着聚合物浓度增大、疏水嵌段结构分布均匀适度,富集能力逐渐增强.絮凝实验证明,疏水缔合聚合物对多环芳烃的富集性能可作为有效的辅助手段,实现对水体中微量有机污染物的去除.     

Polyelectrolyte Flocculation of Waste Activated Sludge in Decanter Centrifuge Applications: Lab Evaluation by a Centrifugal Compaction Test

Abstract This article introduces a centrifugal compaction (spin tube) test to thoroughly evaluate polyelectrolyte conditioning on lab scale. In contrast to the well-known and widely applied existing tests (e.g., the beaker, the Jar settling, the free drainage, and the [sheared] capillary suction time test), the proposed spin tube test has a clear relation with the dewatering process taking place in a decanter centrifuge. First, based on the theory of centrifugal compaction, the solids stress of separate layers of sludge cake (obtained after spinning sludge in a lab centrifuge) is calculated. Next, the test was applied to assess in the lab the performance of three different polymers by evaluating the obtained sludge dryness. To verify and/or compare the results obtained with the spin tube tests, sheared capillary suction time tests were conducted and floc size distributions were analyzed. Finally, two of the three polymers evaluated in the lab were applied in the industrial sludge dewatering and drying sys...     

絮凝沉降法处理含Fe^3＋废水的研究

研究了在静态下的絮凝沉降法处理含铁废水，实验了不同操作条件对铁的处理效果的影响。结果表明，在适宜的操作条件下，可去除废水中的铁高达99．97％，处理后的残液中，铁含量小于0．5mg／L。研究成果可应用于铁矿废水的处理。