Experimental evaluation of eco-friendly flocculants prepared from date palm rachis

Sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMCNa) is an anionic water soluble polyelectrolyte widely used in many industrial sectors including food, textiles, papers, adhesives, paints, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and mineral processing. CMCNa was produced by chemical modification of cellulose, and represents many advantages: natural, renewable, non-toxic and biodegradable. In this study, di erent kinds of CMCNa, prepared from an agricultural waste date palm rachis, were tested as eco-friendly flocculants for drinking water treatment and their performances as flocculants in turbidity removal enhancement were assessed. The prepared materials were characterized by the degree of substitution (DS) and polymerisation (DP). The study of the e ect of some experimental parameters on the coagulation-flocculation performance, using the prepared materials combined with aluminium sulphate (as coagulant), showed that the best conditions for turbidity treatment were given for pH 8, coagulant dose 20 mg/L, flocculant concentration of 100 mg/L and stirring velocity (during the flocculation step) of 30 r/min. Under the optimum conditions, the turbidity removal using CMCNa, prepared from raw material, was about 95%. A comparison study between the flocculation performance of a commercial anionic flocculant (A100PWG: polyacrylamide) and that of the prepared CMCNa showed that the performance of the waste-based flocculant with a DS of 1.17 and a DP of 480 was 10% better than that achieved by the commercial one.     

含硫化黑染料废水混凝脱色的试验研究

文章针对含硫化黑染料废水的色度大、成分复杂的特点,采用混凝法对染料废水的脱色问题进行了研究。研究表明使用无机混凝剂氯化铁和硫酸铝处理含硫化黑染料废水时,铁盐的脱色效果要明显好于铝盐,当水样呈现中性或偏碱性,氯化铁的投药量为0．28g／l,染料初始浓度为250mg／l时,处理效果最佳,脱色率达到96．8％。同时还探讨了将有机混凝剂PAM与氯化铁进行复配处理含硫化黑染料废水的效果。结果表明当PAM投加量为0．12g／l,氯化铁的投加量为0．28g／l时,复合混凝剂的脱色效果最好,脱色率高达98．8％。     

Exploitation of Fenton and Fenton-like reagents as alternative conditioners for alum sludge conditioning

The use of Fenton’s reagent (Fe2+/H2O2) and Fenton-like reagents containing transition metals of Cu(II), Zn(II), Co(II), and Mn(II) for an alum sludge conditioning to improve its dewaterability was investigated. The results obtained were compared with those obtained from conditioning the same alum sludge using cationic and anionic polymers. Experimental results show that Fenton’s reagent was the best among the Fenton and Fenton-like reagents for the alum sludge conditioning. A considerable e ectiveness of capillary suction time (CST) reduction e ciency of 47% can be achieved under test conditions of Fe2+/H2O2 = 20/125 mg/g DS (dry solid) and pH 6.0. The observation of floc-like particles after Fenton’s reagent conditioning of alum sludge suggested that the mechanism of Fenton’s reagent conditioning was di erent from that of polymer conditioning. In spite of the lower e ciency in the CST reduction of Fenton’s reagent in alum sludge conditioning compared to that of polymer conditioning, Fenton’s reagent o ers a more environmentally safe option. This study provided an example of proactive treatment engineering, which is aimed at seeking a safe alternative to the use of polymers in sludge conditioning towards achieving a more sustainable sludge management strategy.     

地表水源环保型太阳能吸收式空调系统

文章提出了一种新型环保型太阳能吸收式制冷空调系统。首次提出把太阳能制冷机的集热器安装在河流上,把冷凝器、吸收器浸泡在河水中;利用水的自然对流,与冷凝盘管中的制冷剂发生对流换热;节能又节约了水资源。应用制冷理论,对集热面积为180m2的空调系统进行了性能分析及环境效益评价,结果表明:空调系统比电压缩式空调系统可节约运行费用13595.6元/a;寿命期减少CO2总排放量275.4t,对环境空气温度无影响,缓减了城市热岛效应,节省了引发热岛效应的附加能耗约29%,节能及环境效应显著;性能系数比冷却水塔式太阳能吸收式空调系统高6.1%。     

反相微乳液聚合PAM在悬浮介质中的絮凝过程研究

研究了Span80-Tween80/异辛烷/H2O反相微乳液聚合丙烯酰胺反相微乳液聚合所得到的PAM的微观结构及其在1%高岭土悬浮液的模拟废水中的絮凝过程与机理。采用电子显微镜、激光纳米粒度仪、分光光度计等测试手段,测定了PAM粒子以及与悬浮介质结合的絮体形态、粒径和粒径分布等微观结构及其絮凝性能。试验结果表明:反相微乳液聚合所制备的PAM为单分散、球形的纳米材料,粒径(D)在145～175nm之间;AMPS改性PAM与高岭土结合后,高岭土与高分子团状结构包埋在一起,透过率较大,絮凝范围宽,可以理解为高分子絮凝剂的"架桥-吸附-网捕"机理。     

氯代芳烃在黄河底泥中吸附—絮凝—沉降规律及机理

通过静态吸附实验,研究了黄河底泥对以氯苯为代表的氯代芳烃类有机物的吸附规律及机理,在此基础上进一步研究了絮凝剂（铝铁共聚物）对氯苯去除率的影响及机理。结果表明,黄河底泥对氯代芳烃类有机物的吸附主要通过其表面及微孔作用。加入絮凝剂后氯苯的去除率明显提高,这是由于絮体在形成过程中的凝聚、卷扫、网捕作用使水体中微小胶体颗粒得以沉降,进而增加了有机物的去除率。     

用革新技术改善水处理厂运行性能

由于60％以上的城市饮用水源受到不同程度的污染,采用常规处理工艺的水厂在处理受污染原水时,效果不显著,效率低,尤其对于重度污染的原水只有采用深度处理工艺,如臭氧化、生物活性炭和膜分离等技术才能有效地处理、然而,多年的研究、探索和工程实践证明,在处理轻度污染原水时,由传统工艺的改善和革新形成的革新技术,比传统处理工艺更为高效,比深度处理技术投资更经济和合理．在对微涡旋絮凝池以及小间距斜板强化沉淀池同传统处理工艺作了比较后发现,传统絮凝池和沉淀池的水力负荷为 7m³（m²·h）,絮凝和沉淀时间分别为 20～25min和 60～80min,出水浊度为7～15NTU,色度为 15～25PtCU;而革新絮凝池和沉淀池,在水力负荷为 12～13m³/（m²·h）时,絮凝和沉淀时间分别为12～15min和40～50min,出水水质优于传统工艺,浊度为1～4NTU,色度为3～8TtCU．     

聚硅酸金属盐类混凝剂的絮凝机理研究

以粉煤灰、硫铁矿渣为原料制备出系列聚硅酸金属盐类絮凝剂。采用Ferron分光光度法对其形态分布规律进行了研究,结果表明:与其他无机高分子絮凝剂相比,聚硅酸金属盐类的最优形态Al_b 和Fe_b 含量明显增加,产品稳定性增强。从理论上初步分析了这类絮凝剂高效混凝的原因。      

絮凝-Fenton试剂氧化处理印染废水

采用Fenton试剂对某染袜厂2种印染废水(印染红和印染蓝)进行处理。考察了硫酸亚铁投加量、双氧水投加量、反应时间及pH值对印染废水的色度及COD去除率的影响,通过正交实验确定了Fenton试剂处理该废水的最佳操作条件为:反应时间30 min、双氧水(30%)投加量4 mL/L、硫酸亚铁投加量300 mg/L、pH值为4左右。在最佳条件下,印染蓝废水经氧化处理后COD去除率大于80%,色度去除率95%以上;印染红废水需经絮凝预处理后再用Fenton试剂氧化处理,其脱色率达到了99.6%,COD去除率为91.2%,出水COD浓度为96 mg/L,可达标排放。     

混凝-纳滤集成工艺深度处理脱墨废水简

采用混凝-纳滤工艺对脱墨废水生化出水进行深度处理。实验结果表明,当聚合氯化铝的投加量为100 mg/L时,废水中污染物的综合去除性能最佳,其中浊度去除率达91%,色度去除率达74%。采用4种相同材质、不同切割分子量的纳滤膜进一步深度处理后,出水达到《再生水质标准（SL368-2006）》中锅炉用水控制指标的要求。