Effect of Sb dopant amount on the structure and electrocatalytic capability of Ti/Sb-SnO2 electrodes in the oxidation of 4-chlorophenol

Ti/Sb-SnO_2 anodes were prepared by thermal decomposition to examine the influence',of the amount of Sb dopant on the structure and electrocatalytic capability of the electrodes in the oxidation of 4-chlorophenol.The physicochemical properties of the Sb-SnO_2 coating were markedly influenced by different amounts of Sb dopant.The electrodes,which contained 5% Sb dopant in the coating, presented a much more homogenous surface and much smaller mud-cracks,compared with Ti/Sb-SnO_2 electrodes containing 10% or 15% Sb dopant,which exibited larger mud cracks and pores on the surface.However,the main microstructure remained unchanged with the addition of the Sb dopant.No new crystal phase was observed by X-ray diffraction(XRD).The electrochemical oxidation of 4-chlorophenol on the Ti/SnO_2 electrode with 5% Sb dopant was inclined to electrochemical combustion;while for those containing more Sb dopant,intermediate species were accumulated.The electrodes with 5% Sb dopant showed the highest efficiency in the bulk electrolysis of 4-chlorophenol at a current density of 20 mA/cm~2 for 180 min;and the removal rates of 4-chlorophenol and COD were 51.0% and 48.9%,respectively.     

铁阳极电凝聚法处理活性红241染料废水能耗分析

对铁阳极电凝聚处理活性红241染料废水过程影响电能消耗的影响因素进行了考察.结果表明:电流密度、染料废水初始pH、染料废水温度、电解质浓度以及染料浓度的变化均能对能耗和脱色效率产生较大影响;电流效率受电流密度、染料废水初始pH、电解质浓度的影响较大,受染料废水温度和初始浓度影响不大;对于浓度为50 mg/L的活性红241染料废水,在电流强度为12.5 A/m2、电解温度为25 ℃、硫酸钠浓度为0.01 mol/L、pH为7.53、电解时间为60 min的实验条件下,染料废水脱色率达92.7%,电能消耗为1.53kWh/kg dye,电流效率为94.2%.     

颗粒层过滤技术国内外研究现状及进展

主要对颗粒层过滤除尘的过滤机理以及国内外移动床颗粒过滤器的高温除尘技术情况进行了综述,介绍了颗粒层过滤效率和系统压力降的计算方法,并对今后颗粒层过滤技术的发展提出了一些建议.     

基于Kaya方法的四个直辖市碳效率评价与比较

应用Kaya恒等式的计算方法对我国4个直辖市2005-2009年的碳效率进行了评价和比较分析,结果显示:4个直辖市碳效率的排序在2005-2009年间没有发生变化,4个城市的碳效率都处于上升态势。     

Modeling and comparative assessment of municipal solid waste gasification for energy production

Gasification is the thermochemical conversion of organic feedstocks mainly into combustible syngas (CO and H₂) along with other constituents. It has been widely used to convert coal into gaseous energy carriers but only has been recently looked at as a process for producing energy from biomass. This study explores the potential of gasification for energy production and treatment of municipal solid waste (MSW). It relies on adapting the theory governing the chemistry and kinetics of the gasification process to the use of MSW as a feedstock to the process. It also relies on an equilibrium kinetics and thermodynamics solver tool (Gasify®) in the process of modeling gasification of MSW. The effect of process temperature variation on gasifying MSW was explored and the results were compared to incineration as an alternative to gasification of MSW. Also, the assessment was performed comparatively for gasification of MSW in the United Arab Emirates, USA, and Thailand, presenting a spectrum of socioeconomic settings with varying MSW compositions in order to explore the effect of MSW composition variance on the products of gasification. All in all, this study provides an insight into the potential of gasification for the treatment of MSW and as a waste to energy alternative to incineration.     

臭氧催化氧化在石化废水深度处理应用中的若干问题

石化污水处理厂二级出水可生化性低,含部分有毒难降解有机物。随着GB 31571—2015《石油化学工业污染物排放标准》2015年7月1日的实施,我国石化污水处理厂迎来了一次集中处理技术升级,其大多采用以臭氧/臭氧催化氧化为核心的处理工艺建成深度处理单元,对石化污水处理厂二级出水进行深度处理使其达标排放。目前这类装置大多已运行超过2年,实际运行过程中,该技术出现了设计之初未曾考虑到的一系列问题,致使臭氧利用率不高且持续下降,治理成本逐年增高等。结合实际工程,从絮体、胶体大分子有机物、臭氧传质和催化剂4个方面对这些问题进行了系统分析,同时对臭氧催化氧化技术在石化污水处理厂二级出水处理中的发展方向进行了展望。     

Environmental externalities and efficiency measurement

Production of desirable outputs often produces by-products that have harmful effects on the environment. This paper investigates technologies where the biggest good output producer is not the greatest polluter, i.e. technologies located on the downward-sloping segment of the frontier depicted in Färe et al. (1989). Directional distance functions and Data Envelopment Analysis techniques are used to define an algorithm that allows them to be identified empirically. Furthermore, we show that in such situations producers can contribute social goods, i.e. reducing polluting wastes, without limiting their capacity to maximise production of marketable output. Finally, we illustrate our methodology with an empirical application to a sample of Spanish ceramic tile producers.     

制药行业典型企业VOCs排放特征及处理技术比较

为研究制药行业采用不同工艺生产不同产品所产生的挥发性有机物(VOCs)的排放特征,以及评估不同废气处理技术对VOCs排放的影响,以山东省淄博市两个典型制药企业A、B为研究对象,采集了不同生产工艺、不同处理技术的的VOCs样品,采用分歧系数法比较了不同排放环节的臭氧前体物(PAMs)源谱相似性;以非甲烷总烃(NMHC)表征了VOCs总体排放情况;应用实测法计算了制药行业的排放因子;选用净化效率这一指标评估了不同废气处理技术对VOCs排放的影响。结果表明,淄博制药行业典型企业A、B的平均VOCs排放量为1.56 g∙kg⁻¹,是《大气挥发性有机物源排放清单编制技术指南》限值的1/276。不同生产工艺下的PAMs排放特征存在显著差异,发酵类企业排放的PAMs以芳香烃和烷烃为主,经过RTO处理后,芳香烃类物质占比从49%升高到58%,其他物质占比均有降低,而经过“水喷淋+UV光氧”处理后,烷烃类物质占比从75%降低到69%,其它物质占比均有升高。化学合成类企业排放PAMs以烷烃为主,经过“冷凝+喷淋+活性炭吸附”处理后各类物质占比几乎无变化。不同处理技术对不同种类PAMs的净化效率不同,“UV光氧+水喷淋”更适用于污水站对VOCs和异味的去除,而RTO更适用于处理高浓度VOCs的废气。     

微生物絮凝剂提取方法的优化及其对废水中木质纤维类污染物的絮凝机理

利用芽孢杆菌生产的微生物絮凝剂配合助凝剂三价铁,在实际废水的处理中具有良好的应用潜力。为了更好地在实际废水处理中应用微生物絮凝剂,需要优化微生物絮凝剂的提取方法。实验结果表明,通过响应曲面优化法,最终可将微生物絮凝剂的产量由原先的0.5 g·L⁻¹提升至1.64 g·L⁻¹。最佳提取条件为：将培养好的培养液在50 ℃下超声6 min,处理结束后,调节溶液pH在9~11内,然后进行离心、醇沉等操作。微生物絮凝剂对烟草废水COD、氨氮去除率可分别达到50%和28%;对畜禽废水COD、氨氮去除率可分别到达85%和45%。此外,由于微生物絮凝剂的无害性,通过微生物絮凝剂干湿分离后的固体和液体部分可以分别作为有机肥和液体叶面肥再利用,从而可产生一定的经济效益。本研究可为环保絮凝剂的开发与应用提供参考。     

水幕排烟系统对烟气控制及排烟效率的影响研究

为探明水幕排烟系统对隧道内烟气控制和排烟效率的影响,通过火灾动力学求解器(FDS)研究不同排烟风量下隧道内烟气、温度和速度分布.结果 表明:排烟量小于100 ma/s时,水幕无法有效地阻隔有毒烟气的蔓延;当火源热释放速率(HRR)为10、20及30 MW时,排烟量分别为100、160和180 m3/s,能将烟气限制在水...