WOODY VEGETATION AND RIPRAP STABILITY ALONG THE SACRAMENTO RIVER MILE 84.5–1191

ABSTRACT: Stability of vegetated and bare riprap revetments along a Sacramento River reach during the flood of record was assessed. Revetment damages resulting from the flood were identified using records provided by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and verified by contacts with local interests. Vegetation on revetments along a 35.6-mile reach was mapped using inspection records and stereo interpretation of aerial phoths taken shortly before and after the flood. A follow-up field inspection was conducted in September 1989. Revetment age, material, bank curvature, vegetation, and damage were mapped from a boat. Mapping results from both 1986 and 1989 were placed in a data base. About 70 percent of the bank line of the study reach was revetted. About two-thirds of the revetment was cobble; one-third was quarry stone. Revetment vegetation varied from none to large (> 50-inch diameter) cotton-woods. About 10 percent of the revetted bank line supported some type of woody vegetation. Damage rates for revetments supporting woody vegetation tended to be lower than for unvegetated revetments of the same age located on banks of similar curvature. Chisquared tests indicated damage rates were greater for older (pre-1950 construction) revetments, but were unable to detect differences based on vegetation or bank curvature. Research is needed to generate design criteria and construction techniques to allow routine use of woody plants in bank protection structures.     

基于洪水资源化的水库汛限水位调整及其风险管理

在论述“洪水资源化”概念和调整水库汛限水位所涉及的影响因素的基础上, 构建了汛限水位 调整后的风险和效益评价指标体系及其估算方法, 以及论述了水库汛限水位调整的风险管理对策。 以五强溪大型水库为例, 综合评价了在不同汛限水位方案下所带来的风险及效益, 并引入优选模糊 理论方法来合理调整汛限水位。通过综合分析认为, 五强溪水库在主汛期将汛限水位从现行的 98.00m 提高到100.00m 的方案是可行的, 它在防洪风险增加不多的情况下, 可将有可能被排泄的 1.85×108m3 洪水转化为有效利用的水资源, 显然, 将大型水库提高汛限水位超蓄洪水是实现洪水资 源化的重要手段, 但必须是在加强水库实时调度风险管理的提前下实施。     

长江流域太湖区降雨侵蚀力及其应用的研究

本研究利用太湖区代表站３０年和４３个一般站２５年的降雨资料，改进和完善了降雨侵蚀力新算法，使之与经典法达到９０％的一致性，查清了该区降雨侵蚀力时空变化持证，并编制出全区阵雨侵蚀力（Ｒ）值分布图。同时，还时Ｒ值在水土保持、耕作制度变革和防洪减灾中的应用，尤其对１９９１年特大洪涝灾害的根本原因，作了讨论。太湖区Ｒ值较大，不可忽视水土保持，做好山区、坡耕地的水土保持，是防洪减灾最长久有效的根本措施。     

广东省洪水资源化探讨

广东省多年平均人海水量4018亿m^2，并主要集中在汛期以洪水形式流人大海。文章根据广东省水资源与洪水特点，探讨了洪水资源化的途径及其安全保障措施：利用现有和新建水工程，采用科学合理的蓄、引、提、回灌与冲污等方式使洪水资源化；加强防洪调度与管理，以降低洪水资源化风险，确保安全利用洪水。该研究对解决广东省目前部分地区资源性和水质性缺水具有重要意义。     

新疆叶尔羌河突发性洪水初步研究

叶尔羌河发源于昆仑山和喀喇昆仑山区,是新疆第三大河。近30年,每2—3年发生一次突发性洪水,给下游人民造成很大灾难。 本文阐述了该洪水的特性,时空分布、演进情势及峰量变化,加之分析气象资料、地质地貌条件,首次提出突发性洪水成因于冰川阻塞湖泄洪,其策源地位于克勒青河上游的克亚吉尔特索湖和特拉木坎力湖。随着冰川的衰退,阻塞湖将逐渐缩小。     

洞庭湖区灾后重建的流域生态管理学思考

洞庭湖中上游水土流失加剧,导致湖区调蓄能力下降,垸高田低,灾害频率上升。为抗御洪水,堤防越筑越高,造成洪水位抬高等副作用。对此,提出流域生态管理对策：①将长江流域生态安全列为国家安全战略体系的重要内容之一；②将非蓄洪性质的围垦调整为蓄洪性质的围垦,正常年份耕种,大洪水时用其蓄洪；将封闭式围垦种植改造成为半封闭型的养殖与留湖调蓄；③环境移民城镇安置,缓解人口对土地、湖泊的压力；④进行避洪、耐渍型生态设计,建立适应水体、湖洲和低湖渍害田的复合高效生态工程；⑤调整丘岗地利用结构与重建山区植被是减灾的治本措施。量大、面广的水土流失发生在丘陵坡地     

基于统计-FloodArea模型的平原水网区致灾临界雨量研究

论文基于江苏老濉河流域降水、水位和流量观测数据,利用统计-FloodArea模型相结合的方法计算了平原水网区致灾临界雨量。从水位变幅角度构建了流域不同时段累计面雨量-洪水涨幅统计模型,并计算出致灾临界雨量。在修订河道高程的基础上,利用FloodArea模型模拟典型暴雨洪涝事件的动态淹没过程,建立不同时段累计面雨量与模拟水位涨幅之间的幂函数关系,计算出另一组致灾临界雨量。对比发现两组致灾临界雨量基本一致,24 h三个等级致灾临界雨量对应泗洪气象站167 a、17 a和2 a一遇降水量。统计模型能较好地捕捉短时降水与洪水涨幅的关系,FloodArea模型则更好地反映了长历时暴雨洪涝事件的雨洪关系,整合两种方法,可得到更科学的平原水网区暴雨洪涝致灾临界雨量。     

Getting From Here to Where? Flood Frequency Analysis and Climate1

Stedinger, Jery R. and Veronica W. Griffis, 2011. Getting From Here to Where? Flood Frequency Analysis and Climate. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(3):506‐513. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00545.x Abstract: Modeling variations in flood risk due to climate change and climate variability are a challenge to our profession. Flood‐risk computations by United States (U.S.) federal agencies follow guidelines in Bulletin 17 for which the latest update 17B was published in 1982. Efforts are underway to update that remarkable document. Additional guidance in the Bulletin as to how to address variation in flood risk over time would be welcome. Extensions of the log‐Pearson type 3 model to include changes in flood risk over time would be relatively easy mathematically. Here an example of the use of a sea surface temperature anomaly to anticipate changes in flood risk from year to year in the U.S. illustrates this opportunity. Efforts to project the trend in the Mississippi River flood series beg the question as to whether an observed trend will continue unabated, has reached its maximum, or is really nothing other than climate variability. We are challenged with the question raised by Milly and others: Is stationarity dead? Overall, we do not know the present flood risk at a site because of limited flood records. If we allow for historical climate variability and climate change, we know even less. But the issue is not whether stationarity is dead – the issue is how to use all the information available to reliably forecast flood risk in the future: “Where do we go from here?”     

洪水作用下汽车的起动流速研究

针对洪水作用下汽车的起动条件开展了一系列的研究:首先分析部分淹没状态下汽车的受力情况,结合滑动平衡的临界起动条件建立相关方程,导出了洪水中汽车起动流速公式;然后在室内水槽中对三款模型车进行了一系列的起动试验。试验结果表明:对于同一款模型车,平行于水流方向放置时,起动流速与水深的相关性较好;并且水深越大,起动流速越小。接着运用试验资料率定了起动流速公式中的相关参数。最后采用模型相似率及率定后的计算公式估算了原型车辆在不同水深下的起动流速,两种方法所得的结果较为接近,故预测结果较为可靠。     

论长江洪灾与可持续发展

本文分析了湖北等省份多年水灾资料，并对水灾的成因进行了研究，提出了根治水灾必须走可持续发展道路的建议