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221.
Burchard H. Heede 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1972,8(3):523-530
ABSTRACT The influence of a forest on the formation of steps in two small streams of the Colorado Rocky Mountains was studied. Steps provided by logs fallen across the channel added to flow energy reduction. The streams required additional gravel bars to adjust to slope. Average step length between logs and gravel bars was strongly related to channel gradient and median bed material size. Based on the average number of log steps per 50 feet of channel, an average of 116 percent of gravel bars were added at Fool Creek and 60 percent at Deadhorse Creek. The latter had 52 percent more logs in the channel and therefore required less bed material movement than the former. Although these are “rushing mountain streams,” most flow velocities ranged between 0.5 and 2.5 f.p.s. Exponents of a function relating rate of change of depth or velocity to discharge indicated that dynamic stream equilibrium was attained. Implications for forest management are that sanitation cuts (removal of dead and dying trees) would not be permissible where a stream is in dynamic equilibrium and bed material movement should be minimized. 相似文献
222.
ABSTRACT. In the last decade much research has been devoted to applying the systems analysis approach to water resources problems. A popular research goal has been determination of the “best” method of operating a multipurpose reservoir. The goal of this study was to derive the economically optimum flood control diagram for a multipurpose reservoir by systems analysis. The technique employed to optimize the flood control diagram was programmed so that the optimization process could be applied to other multipurpose reservoirs. Two computer programs developed at the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' Hydrologic Engineering Center were utilized with modifications to simulate the operation of Folsom Reservoir in central California. Economic analyses were incorporated along with an optimization technique into the reservoir operations program; and the resultant program was capable of routing a sequence of monthly reservoir inflows, computing benefits for various flood control diagrams (as dictated by the optimization procedure), and selecting the economically optimum flood control diagram. The univariate gradient technique was the optimization procedure employed. The two computer programs are on file at the Hydrologic Engineering Center in Davis, California. 相似文献
223.
Chin-shu Liu 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1972,8(5):976-986
ABSTRACT. The setting of rule curves for reservoirs or lakes operation requires balancing the flood control storages reserved against the storage requirements for various conservation uses. In this study, a linear programming model is developed to perform single purpose analysis that minimizes flood damages of a multi-lake river system under various initial and input conditions. A flood control utility measure function is arrived from the resulting analysis, and the inclusion of the function in conservation analysis could provide the total functional analysis. The river-system transition function involving time-lags of short duration is described. The function constitutes the basis for the optimization model, and also provides the transformation to reduce significantly the size of the problem. The application to a critical subsystem in the Oswego River System is reported. 相似文献
224.
Sie Ling Chiang 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1971,7(1):171-174
ABSTRACT. High percentage of imperviousness in the city is the source of storm runoff. Roof area contributes significantly to the imperviousness. An attempt to make use of roofs as urban flood control device and water conservation measure is advocated. Two different schemes, one for built-up industrial-commercial area, the other for residential area, are suggested. The former utilizes the roof as detention reservoir for flood control, the latter employs recharge pit to convert runoff into ground water resource. The proposed schemes are not only hydrologically, hydraulically and structurally sound but also economically feasible. It is worth considering in the future planning of urban renewal and urban development. 相似文献
225.
ABSTRACTConceptualizing and analyzing collective policy learning processes is a major ongoing theoretical and empirical challenge. A key gap concerns the role of exogenous factors, which remains under-theorized in the policy learning literature. In this paper, we aim to advance the understanding of the role that exogenous factors play in collective learning processes. We propose a typology of exogenous factors (i.e. material, socioeconomic, institutional, discursive), and subsequently apply this in a comparative study of flood risk policymaking in two municipalities in the Netherlands. We find that exogenous factors are indeed essential for understanding collective learning in these cases, as the combined influence with endogenous factors can steer similar learning processes towards different learning products. We conclude our contribution by identifying two opportunities for further developing the collective learning framework, namely regarding the distinction of varying learning products, and the dynamics of exogenous factors over time. 相似文献
226.
227.
Fang Xin Yu John Pardue Donald D. Adrian 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1997,33(1):97-110
ABSTRACT: Nine flood-estimation models used for ungauged urban watersheds in Louisiana were evaluated. Flood-quantile predictions from simple regression models calibrated by local data were found to be more reliable than those more complicated models or models with many parameters that may not be accurately estimated. Flood prediction from models developed by using regionalization techniques were found to be reasonably good. Finally, application of a model outside of its limitations or domain may lead to substantial prediction error. 相似文献
228.
Ahiam I. Shalaby 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1994,30(2):307-318
ABSTRACT: Methods of computing probabilities of extreme events that affect the design of major engineering structures have been developed for most failure causes, but not for design floods such as the probable maximum flood (PMF). Probabilities for PMF estimates would be useful for economic studies and risk assessments. Reasons for the reluctance of some hydrologists to assign a probability to a PMF are discussed, and alternative methods of assigning a probability are reviewed. Currently, the extrapolation of a frequency curve appears to be the most practical alternative. Using 46 stations in the Mid-Atlantic region, the log-gamma, log-normal, and log-Gumbel distributions were used to estimate PMF probabilities. A 600,000-year return period appears to be a reasonable probability to use for PMFs in the Mid-Atlantic region. The coefficient of skew accounts for much of the variation in computed probabilities. 相似文献
229.
流域性洪涝及其指标研究 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
本文讨论了区域洪涝指标,认为区域洪涝指标应反映出不同洪涝面积和不同洪涝等级对区域洪涝的影响程度,基于这一思想,提出了一个区域洪涝指标计算公式。为了使区域洪涝研究更为具体和可比,本文在分析区域洪涝指标的基础上,提出了流域性洪涝的概念,并以《中国近五年百旱涝分布图集》为基础,建立了淮河流域500年流性洪涝指标序列及其等级。 相似文献
230.
中国近五百年流域性洪涝统计特征研究 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3
本文以《中国近五百年旱涝分布图集》为基础,并将资料适当延长,提出了流域性洪涝及其指标。在此基础上,初步分析了我国主要流域单元近500年(1470 ̄1991年)和各世纪流域性洪涝事件发生折频次和持续性,并分析了南方、北方和全区域主要流域单元不同等级流域性洪涝空间遭遇的可能性。 相似文献