基于洪水灾害快速评估的承灾体易损性信息管理系统

洪水灾害易损性信息管理系统是为了开展洪水灾害快速评估,对不同洪水灾害流域和同一洪水灾害流域中的不同地区、不同承灾体(财产分类)、不同致灾因子(水深和历时等)条件,以财产的损失率为核心的综合信息管理系统。本文介绍了洪水灾害易损性信息管理系统的开发与设计的基本原理,阐述了系统的总体结构框架和功能模块划分,并且在系统数据流程图的基础上,对损失率数据库等几个重要的模块进行了详细的分析与设计,给出了系统的部分运行结果。本系统在与GIS、遥感等空间技术结合后,能够高效地完成各种洪水灾害损失的快速评估与预测分析工作,同时,本系统亦可独立作为对区域洪水灾害易损性研究的数据基础和理论支撑。     

鄱阳湖洪灾特征与圩区还湖减灾运用方式研究

根据水文资料,分析了鄱阳湖入湖五大河流来水与长江水情对鄱阳湖洪灾的影响和鄱阳湖洪水位的频率特征,探讨了湖区中小圩区"高水还湖滞洪,低水种植养殖"的减灾运行方式对湖区防洪减灾可以起到的作用。     

FLOOD STAGE FORECASTING WITH SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINES1

ABSTRACT: Machine learning techniques are finding more and more applications in the field of forecasting. A novel regression technique, called Support Vector Machine (SVM), based on the statistical learning theory is explored in this study. SVM is based on the principle of Structural Risk Minimization as opposed to the principle of Empirical Risk Minimization espoused by conventional regression techniques. The flood data at Dhaka, Bangladesh, are used in this study to demonstrate the forecasting capabilities of SVM. The result is compared with that of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based model for one‐lead day to seven‐lead day forecasting. The improvements in maximum predicted water level errors by SVM over ANN for four‐lead day to seven‐lead day are 9.6 cm, 22.6 cm, 4.9 cm and 15.7 cm, respectively. The result shows that the prediction accuracy of SVM is at least as good as and in some cases (particularly at higher lead days) actually better than that of ANN, yet it offers advantages over many of the limitations of ANN, for example in arriving at ANN's optimal network architecture and choosing useful training set. Thus, SVM appears to be a very promising prediction tool.     

A RISK-BASED APPROACH FOR FLOOD CONTROL OPERATION OF A MULTIPURPOSE RESERVOIR1

ABSTRACT: Many approaches are available for operation of a multipurpose reservoir during flood season; one of them is allocation of storage space for flood control. A methodology to determine a reservoir operation policy based on explicit risk consideration is presented. The objective of the formulation is to maximize the reservoir storage at the end of a flood season while ensuring that the risk of an overflow is within acceptable limits. The Dynamic Programming technique has been used to solve the problem. This approach has been applied to develop operation policies for an existing reservoir. The performance of the policy was evaluated through simulation and was found to be satisfactory.     

生态环境与洪旱灾害

作者将自然运动与人类活动、生态环境与气候结合起来研究，求索洪旱灾害之谜，着重探讨了其中多种生态环境因素。由大灾后的反思，找出灾害加剧的人为原因是：人中激增、生态危机、水利失修等，提出必须加强防灾减灾的对策研究。     

从我国“98”南北洪水看山西防洪问题

从我国“９８”洪灾的惨重经济损失中认为,除了气候因素外,生态环境遭到人为破坏是致灾的主要原因。以此为鉴,结合山西实际,分析了山西防洪中存在的问题及根治洪患的举措     

长江荆江分流河的河型及其洪灾防治探讨

从长江荆江分流河的河道平面形态及其近百年来的演变特征、河道比降、河道沉积特征、地质背景和地貌特征等方面进行了论述,认为这些河道是一个统一的网状河流体系。对各主要河道的输水输沙特征及其演变趋势和洪水灾害特征进行了讨论,结合网状河流系的基本特征,提出了洪灾防治的主要措施。     

区域化变量理论在历史洪涝灾害空间格局重建中的应用──以长江流域1736-1911年洪涝灾害为例

通过构造一个例子,简介了区域化变量理论的基本原理、计算过程及其在洪涝灾害空间格局重建中的优点。依据区域化变量理论,以长江流域1736～1911年洪涝灾害为实例,重建了长江流域历史时期洪涝灾害的基本空间格局．     

江苏省洪涝灾害评估系统设计

为了迅速、合理地预测和评估洪涝灾害造成的经济损失,为防汛决策提供科学依据,从江苏省洪涝灾害防治的实际需求出发,进行了江苏省洪涝灾情评估系统的总体设计,并阐明了系统的特点,结构和功能。     

由震洪相关回顾性预测1870年长江特大洪水

１８７０ 年长江特大洪水是多因叠加和强化的结果, 因之要预测它也要从各方面去研究。如特大洪水前的先行降雨和洪水所反映的大气环流状况及太阳活动情况等。本文把１９３１ 年、１９５４年、１９９１ 年长江大洪水前一年内缅甸北部有７ 级以上大震及１９９８ 年长江大洪前一年内缅北有６级左右震群集中活动的相关指标移用于１８７０ 年长江特大洪水前, 发现其前一年, 即１８６９ 年缅北亦有７ 级以上大震发生。震洪相关的物理机制是与地震活动有关的地下放气使孟加拉湾向长江流域输送的水气更多,如遇北方冷气团南下则降大雨致洪。另外,１８７０ 年长江洪水之所以比１９３１ 年、１９５４ 年、１９９１ 年和１９９８ 年长江洪水还大, 我们认为１８７０ 年４ 月１１ 日在长江上游山区有７ 级以上大震发生, 且震前有大雪发生, 是叠加在前述致洪因素上的另一因素。