Evaluating the suitability of policy instruments for urban flood risk reduction

ABSTRACT

City governments have access to a range of policy instruments to reduce flood risk, but choosing among these tools is challenging. This article identifies fourteen different policy instruments that could contribute to urban flood risk reduction and draws on interviews with expert stakeholders to score these instruments across eight evaluation criteria. The results indicate which policy tools the interviewees consider to be most and least suitable and illuminate the trade-offs inherent in instrument selection. Complementary relationships between the various instruments are also considered in the context of instrument mixes – combinations of multiple policy tools designed to maximise urban flood risk reduction.     

洪水风险与国内外城市防洪规划实例

基于洪水风险和脆弱性的概念，介绍了有关国家城市防洪规划的实例，强调了洪水灾害中风险和脆弱性对城市规划的影响。文章最后指出了我国防洪规划应注意的问题。     

中国七大流域水系与洪涝的分维及其关系研究

本文在GIS技术的支持下，应用分形理论首先系统地计算了中国七大流域水系以及各流域洪涝的分维，其次对七大流域水系分维与各流域洪涝分维之间的可能关系进行了探讨。主要结论如下：（1）分维是表征洪涝发生特征的较好的参量，其蕴涵着洪涝发生次数，周期等丰富信息。（2）一般而言，在研究时段某流域洪涝发生的次数较多，则相应该流域洪涝的分维较大，反之亦然；（3）一般而言，当某一流域水系分维相对较小时，则相应该流域洪涝的分维相对较大，反之亦然。     

基于灰色理论的铁路水害危险度计算模型

在分析铁路这一特殊承灾体成灾机理和致灾因子的基础上 ,应用灰色理论和数理统计 ,对铁路环境水害危险度计算模型进行了探讨和构建。分析中 ,以新亚欧大陆桥新疆段 (以下简称为‘陆桥新疆段’) 39年 (195 9～ 1997年 )的水害资料为统计分析数据 ,以水害频次、水害密度和断道时间为铁路环境水害危险度计算和危险性评估指标 ,根据灰色关联分析原理 ,确定出危险性评估中水害密度、断道时间和水害频次的权重依次为 5 ,3,2。然后 ,基于水害密度、水害频次和断道时间 3个指标的内在联系 ,以及权重的大小 ,以沿线 3级车站之间的区段为对比分析单元 ,构建出铁路环境水害危险度计算模型为 :Pfd=dPfHec/ (dPf Hec)。最后 ,应用这一模型对陆桥新疆段水害进行了计算和对比分析 ,发现所得结果与水害实际分布情况符合得较好。     

太湖流域北部潜在洪涝风险区分析及影响评估

太湖流域历来遭受严重的洪涝灾害,并且近年来有不断加重的趋势。本文选择太湖流域北部的无锡市作为典型研究地区,研究其洪涝的危险性并进行潜在损失评估。人类活动,包括修筑圩区、森林破坏、人口增长、城市化等,对这个地区的洪涝形势有较大的影响;自然条件的变化使河道水位升高,洪涝历时缩短,洪峰增高。本文选择不同回归年(2,5,10,20,50年),结合地理信息系统分析模型,计算了潜在洪涝危险区域和洪涝损失,主要结论为:(1)人类活动已经改变了自然的洪涝形势,增大了汇流和洪涝;(2)洪涝危险区与降雨中心有关;(3)筑圩成功地保护了圩内的土地,缩短了洪涝历时,增高了圩外河道的洪涝水位;(4)经济发展使洪涝损失增加。     

EFFECT OF WOODY DEBRIS ENTRAPMENT ON FLOW RESISTANCE1

ABSTRACT: Recent environmental concerns in floodplain management have stimulated research of the effect vegetation and debris have on flow conveyance, and their function in a productive riparian ecosystem. Although the effect of stable, in-channel woody debris formations on flow resistance has been noted by several authors, studies concerning entrapment of detrital debris in vegetation are lacking. Logs, limbs, branches, leaves and other debris transported during flooding often become lodged against bridges, hydraulic structures, trees and vegetation, and other obstacles, particularly in and near the overbank areas. Hydraulic measurements obtained in a channel prior to and following the removal of woody debris indicated that the average Manning's n value was 39 percent greater when woody debris was present. An examination of the drag-velocity relation for vegetation indicated that an increase in the frontal area of debris and/or vegetation results in a nearly proportional increase in Manning's n. The influence of debris on flow resistance decreased as flow depth increased.     

我国21世纪城市水灾风险及减灾对策

论述从50年代至20世纪末,我国城市水灾呈上升趋势,分析城市水灾的剧化与国土规划和管理、流域规划和管理、城市规划和管理上的人为失误有直接关系,指出我国21世纪城市水灾风险甚大,并提出相应的减灾对策．     

USABILITY ASSESSMENTS FOR HYDROLOGIC FORECASTING DSS1

ABSTRACT: Usability assessments were used to obtain feedback on the development of a flood forecasting decision support system. The feedback was used to guide design of system functionality, interface, training, implementation, and operations. The usability process was user focused and was dependent upon implementation of a prototype system in an operational setting. This paper describes concepts and methods applied to collect reflective and objective data on DSS components and information outputs. The general structure of the usability assessments is discussed and results of assessments are summarized.     

荆江分蓄洪区防洪基础信息演示系统的构建和运行

荆江分蓄洪区适时分蓄超过荆江河道安全泄量的洪水,确保荆江大堤、江汉平原和武汉三镇的安全,为长江防洪做出了贡献。为有效开展分洪管理防洪决策信息支持,构建了一套分蓄洪区的防洪基础地理信息演示系统。分析了以往构建系统中需求分析和信息组织的不足,较为详细地进行了需求分析,科学地进行数据组织及数据库设计,并在此基础上,采用原型法进行系统设计。最后利用控件Mapobjects,将GIS功能嵌入Visual Basic 6.0编制的应用程序中,实现用户需求的各种功能。系统整合了分蓄洪区基础地理数据、水利设施以及安全建设等数据,较好地反映了荆江分蓄洪区的现实特点和意义。系统的运行得到湖北省荆江分蓄洪区工程管理局的肯定。     

荆江分洪区土地利用时空动态变化研究

通过1986、1996 和 2002 年3期 Landsat TM＼ETM 遥感图像,分析得到荆江分洪区 1986～1996年 和 1996～2002 年土地利用变化情况及土地利用转移矩阵。17年来,荆江分洪区土地利用结构和强度发生了重大的变化。主要表现为：城乡居民及建设用地通过吞食大量耕地、林地而得到迅速增加,年均增幅达到9.66％;林地大规模减少,主要向农业用地和建设用地转变;由于研究区域水旱轮作,水田、旱地年际变化很大,主要根据市场行情决定作物种植。水域和滩涂也逐年减少,年均减幅分别为1.85％和3.34％。土地利用变化的主要驱动因素是人口的增长和经济的发展以及政策制度的激励和导向作用。根据荆江分洪区在整个长江防洪工程中的总体地位,根据分洪区应有别于非分洪区的政策和法规,采取国家扶持和引导,制定合理的规划和经济发展政策,调整区内土地利用结构和控制人口增长,实现分洪和经济可持续发展。