GEOMORPHOLOGY OF STEEPLAND HEADWATERS: THE TRANSITION FROM HILLSLOPES TO CHANNELS1

Headwater streams comprise 60 to 80 percent of the cumulative length of river networks. In hilly to mountainous terrain, they reflect a mix of hillslope and channel processes because of their close proximity to sediment source areas. Their morphology is an assemblage of residual soils, landslide deposits, wood, boulders, thin patches of poorly sorted alluvium, and stretches of bedrock. Longitudinal profiles of these channels are strongly influenced by steps created by sediment deposits, large wood, and boulders. Due to the combination of small drainage area, stepped shallow gradient, large roughness elements, and cohesive sediments, headwater streams typically transport little sediment or coarse wood debris by fluvial processes. Consequently, headwaters act as sediment reservoirs for periods spanning decades to centuries. The accumulated sediment and wood may be episodically evacuated by debris flows, debris floods, or gully erosion and transported to larger channels. In mountain environments, these processes deliver significant amounts of materials that form riverine habitats in larger channels. In managed steepland forests, accelerated rates of landslides and debris flows resulting from the harvest of headwater forests have the potential to seriously impact the morphology of headwater streams and downstream resources.     

“We cannot let this happen again”: reversing UK flood policy in response to the Somerset Levels floods, 2014

The Multiple Streams Framework offers a theoretical account of how policy proposals move from latent possibilities to becoming favored for implementation. We apply this framework in the context of the policy response to the 2013–2014 flooding of the Somerset Levels and Moors. Stakeholder interviews and analysis of news media coverage evidence the way in which a specific policy option that had fallen out of favor with the national Environment Agency – dredging – came to the fore and was eventually adopted during the period in which the conjunction of problem, policy, and political pressures came to a head. Local political activists mobilized a wider campaign with the help of social media and capitalized on national political sensitivities to successfully promote dredging. What is less clear is the longevity of the policy reversal, given funding constraints.     

Environmental damage: distinguishing human from geophysical causes

Abstract

During the past two decades it has become increasingly common to attribute “naturala” disasters and other damaging environmental events to proximate or underlying causes that are socially produced. Through an examination of three cases, two of them historical, this paper demonstrates that underlying causes within the geophysical domain are also important. Few types of environmental damage or disaster stem from unalloyed human causes or geophysical ones; complex intermixtures are the rule.     

某货车侧翻水污染事件的环境损害评估方法探索

随着我国进入突发水污染事件高发期,面临的水环境形势日益严峻.为了震慑环境污染行为,保证受损的环境资源得到恢复和补偿,量化突发性水污染事件造成的经济损失显得至关重要.本文以重庆市某货车侧翻污染事件为例,构建了一套突发水污染事件环境损害的量化评估方法,并用该方法从财产损害、生态环境资源损害、应急处置行政事务投入费用和调查评估费用这4个方面量化了该事件造成的环境污染损害.     

区域森林火灾危害程度评价指标构建

为弥补用发生次数和受害森林面积评价森林火灾危害程度的不足,在拟定了林火次数比率、森林燃烧率、森林受害面积比率、每起森林火灾平均受害面积、森林火灾发生次数变异系数、受害森林面积变异系数6个指标的基础上,利用权重法确定了综合指标。结果表明,单一指标可以从某个方面评价森林火灾危害程度,综合指标则能更好地评价某个区域森林火灾的危害程度,更便于区域间的比较和评价。     

LD2铝合金腐蚀行为研究

LD2铝合金广泛应用于直升机结构中。铝合金构件在服役过程中会承受环境所造成的疲劳损伤,从而大大降低其服役寿命,因此必须要研究该材料的腐蚀行为。利用SEM扫描电镜,结合能谱分析对铝合金腐蚀损伤行为进行了高精度微尺度研究,并在疲劳断口上发现腐蚀坑底部的“隧道”,该腐蚀隧道会使腐蚀损伤评定过于保守,为结构寿命预测带来较大的不确定性。     

航空高强度LY12CZ铝合金腐蚀剩余强度预测

摘要：目的研究LY12CZ铝合金在腐蚀环境下的强度退化规律。方法按ASTM标准对常温下的LY12CZ铝合金进行预腐蚀,测量腐蚀坑的深度,统计腐蚀坑数目,进行数理统计,获得其几何尺寸的分布。利用MTS880试验机进行静拉伸试验。建立腐蚀坑的物理模型,基于腐蚀坑平均特征参数和最大特征参数,利用AFGROW软件进行剩余强度预测。结果剩余强度随着腐蚀损伤加深而逐步减小。结论与实验值对比的结果证明,该方法具有应用价值。     

LIDAR技术在内陆水系监测管理中应用综述

机载激光雷达(Light Detection and Ranging,LIDAR)测距系统是20世纪90年代发展起来的高新技术,该系统是集激光、全球定位系统和惯性导航系统3种技术于一体的测量系统,能够快速、精确的获取物体三维数据。文章简要说明了LIDAR技术的基本原理。介绍了国外LIDAR技术在内陆河流监测中的应用,如河网测绘、河漫滩的监测管理、河岸侵蚀监测、洪水监测管理等内陆水系监测管理实例。通过对流域范围的LIDAR点云数据进行滤波与分类,建立数字高程模型,或结合使用地理信息系统、遥感影像、全球定位系统采集的数据,来实现上述实例。简要评述了LIDAR技术在内陆水域监测管理方面的优势,以及当前我国内陆水系监测管理的技术现状。通过国外典型案例说明LIDAR技术在我国内陆水系监测管理中广阔的应用前景。     

青海省洪水变化情况的研究

为了研究青海省洪水变化情况,搜集了青海省内43个水文站的相关数据,其中选取具有长期观测资料的32个水文站资料,采用P-Ⅲ曲线作为其理论频率曲线,并与各站自建站-1974年和建站-2008年的水文计算成果进行比较,结果表明青海省水情发生了较大的变化,且在各水文分区的变化也不相同。     

浅析电子废弃物回收利用及危害解决办法

随着高科技的发展和人们需求的增长,电子产品不断推陈出新,电子废弃物成为世界上数量增长最快的垃圾."电子垃圾",主要包括各种使用后废弃的电脑、通信设备、电视机、电冰箱、洗衣机等电子电器产品.电子废弃物不规范回收处理易造成污染.电子废弃物中含有很多可回收再利用的有色金属、黑色金属、玻璃等物质.严格意义上讲,这些电子废弃物,不应称其为电子垃圾,而应称作电子旧货.伴随着电子工业的高速发展,电子废弃物污染不可避免地摆在了我们面前.电子废弃物具有危害性和可利用性.