采矿业污染河流底泥及河漫滩沉积物的粒径组成与砷形态分布特征

采用连续提取法分析了刁江底泥和河漫滩沉积物中砷的形态变化规律及其与沉积物粒径组成的关系.结果表明,刁江流域底泥和河漫滩沉积物中As含量分布存在差异,底泥中As主要赋存在63～170μm粒级颗粒中,河漫滩沉积物中As主要赋存在63μm粒级颗粒中.底泥和河漫滩沉积物中砷主要以铁合态、钙合态和残渣态的形式存在,且残渣态比例相对较高,表现出典型的尾砂污染特征.底泥中残渣态砷(Res-As)组成比例总体较高,主要赋存在63～170μm粒级颗粒中,而洪水水位河漫滩沉积物中Res-As组成比例相对较低,这与不同沉积物中硫化态砷的氧化反应差异有关.对于中下游河段,底泥和中水水位河漫滩沉积物中Res-As总体上呈逐渐降低的趋势,铁合态砷(Fe-As)组成比例的分布与Res-As呈相反的趋势.     

矿山地质灾害高分辨率遥感监测方法研究——以北京市房山区史家营煤矿为例

以北京市房山区史家营煤矿为研究对象建立了矿山地质灾害高分辨率遥感监测方法与技术流程。它是在建立矿山地质灾害遥感识别标志的基础上,对高分辨率数据进行空间分辨率融合和信息增强,利用"已知推未知"的工作思路,对多种地质灾害类型进行识别与提取;结果表明,高分辨率遥感图像和"3S"技术在矿山地质灾害监测中发挥着重要作用;对矿山地质灾害诱因的建模分析结果表明,人工采矿活动是导致矿山地质灾害发生的最直接原因,构造、岩性和坡度等是矿山地质灾害发生的重要因素。因此,加强矿山非法采矿的遥感监测与治理,注重对已采矿区的回填和管理是矿山地质灾害治理的关键。     

曲靖市花山水库洪水预报调度管理系统简介

介绍了曲靖市花山水库洪水预报调度管理系统的主要功能、系统的关键技术,并小结了其实际运行实践。     

Safety evaluation of major hazard installations based on regional disaster system theory

Major accidents have catastrophic effects on humans and all of society. To prevent the occurrence of major accidents, it is essential to strengthen the management of major hazard installations. Generally, effective identification and reasonable evaluation of major hazard installations are the basic steps in safety management. At present, the evaluation methods for major hazard installations mainly focus on consequence analysis and probabilistic analysis without considering the vulnerability of hazard-affected bodies. Therefore, the proposed method will introduce regional disaster system theory and comprehensively analyze hazard-formative factors, the hazard-formative environment and hazard-affected bodies to achieve a more complete and effective assessment of major hazard installations. Hazard-formative factors are evaluated based on the rapid ranking method, hazard-formative environments are evaluated based on Bayesian networks, and hazard-affected bodies are evaluated based on the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. A tank group and a chemical industrial park are used to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the new method.     

我国堰塞湖致因分析及灾害链构建研究*

为揭示我国堰塞湖形成机理,基于堰塞湖实际案例,依据灾害链式演变规律,构建我国堰塞湖灾害链模型;以灾害链模型中各因素为节点,各因素间作用关系为边,构建我国堰塞湖灾害链演化网络模型,利用Gephi软件实现灾害链演化网络可视化和拓扑参数计算,最终确定堰塞湖防治关键因素。结果表明:持续降雨作用于山地地貌,导致山体滑坡,该类堰塞湖致因在我国较为普遍,通过加大特定地区雨量与地质环境监测力度,可有效提高我国自然灾害防治水平。     

信息整合在城市综合防灾减灾中的应用

城市防灾减灾信息化建设中,"信息孤岛"问题造成信息资源的浪费,严重影响了灾害管理的效率和效果。笔者提出信息整合的思路——以信息共享和满足个性化需求为整合目标,按照标准化、相关性、价值性、动态性的整合原则,打破区域、部门间的界限,从横向、纵向、防灾减灾全过程进行信息整合,形成一套较完善的信息整合体系。为进一步明确整合主体(人)及整合对象(防灾减灾信息)之间相互联系和作用的方式,还介绍信息整合的3种模式:对象关联模式、逻辑模式、综合模式。在实践中,可以根据资源、技术、需求等方面的具体情况,单独地或综合地利用该3种模式进行信息内容的整合。通过信息整合能提升防灾减灾信息利用的整体效能,有效地发挥信息资源在防灾减灾中的作用。     

FloodProBE: technologies for improved safety of the built environment in relation to flood events

The FloodProBE project started as a FP7 research project in November 2009.Floods, together with wind related storms, are considered the major natural hazard in the EU in terms of risk to people and assets. In order to adapt urban areas (in river and coastal zones) to prevent flooding or to be better prepared for floods, decision makers need to determine how to upgrade flood defences and increasing flood resilience of protected buildings and critical infrastructure (power supplies, communications, water, transport, etc.) and assess the expected risk reduction from these measures.The aim of the FloodProBE-project is to improve knowledge on flood resilience and flood protection performance for balancing investments in flood risk management in urban areas. To this end, technologies, methods and tools for assessment purposes and for the adaptation of new and existing buildings and critical infrastructure are developed, tested and disseminated.Three priority areas are addressed by FloodProBE. These are: (i) vulnerability of critical infrastructure and high-density value assets including direct and indirect damage, (ii) the assessment and reliability of urban flood defences including the use of geophysical methods and remote sensing techniques and (iii) concepts and technologies for upgrading weak links in flood defences as well as construction technologies for flood proofing buildings and infrastructure networks to increase the flood resilience of the urban system.The primary impact of FloodProBE in advancing knowledge in these areas is an increase in the cost-effectiveness (i.e. performance) of new and existing flood protection structures and flood resilience measures.     

一种应用于大型储罐的雷击电流监测分析方法

介绍了剩磁法原理和剩磁检测依据标准,使用雷电流发生器和高斯计对磁钢棒的剩磁状况进行了初步的试验研究。     

Of timelines and timeliness: lessons from Typhoon Haiyan in early disaster response

Typhoon Haiyan struck the Philippines on 8 November 2013 with maximum sustained winds of 235 kilometres per hour, adversely affecting at least 11 million people and displacing some 673,000 in the central regions of the country. The disaster clearly overwhelmed the Philippine government despite its seemingly well‐crafted disaster management plan. Using timelines of different organisations, this paper identifies gaps in the government's response, mainly due to its failure in coordinating and managing relief operations, which adversely affected its effectiveness and efficiency in the delivery of critical goods and services following the disaster. The paper also demonstrates how non‐governmental organisations (NGOs), the United Nations, foreign governments and other organisations provided assistance, mainly through aid niching, to cover the government's shortcomings. The paper recommends a paradigm shift in the government's disaster response by integrating collaborative arrangements between government agencies and NGOs, and giving local governments the lead role, with the national government as support, in disaster planning and response.     

Barriers to the long‐term recovery of individuals with disabilities following a disaster

This study examines how pre‐existing disabling conditions influenced the recovery process of survivors of Hurricane Katrina. It focuses specifically on the barriers that hindered the recovery process in these individuals. Focus groups were convened in four Gulf Coast states with 31 individuals with disabilities who lived in or around New Orleans, Louisiana, prior to Hurricane Katrina in August 2005. Qualitative data were analysed using grounded theory methodology. Five themes emerged as the most significant barriers to recovery: housing; transportation; employment; physical and mental health; and accessing recovery services. While these barriers to recovery were probably common to most survivors of the disaster, the research results suggest that disability status enhanced the challenges that participants experienced in negotiating the recovery process and in acquiring resources that accommodated their disabilities. The findings indicate that, when disaster recovery services and resources did not accommodate the needs of individuals with disabilities, recovery was hindered. Recovery efforts should include building accessible infrastructure and services that will allow for participation by all.