Metabolism of 14C‐carbaryl and 14C‐1‐naphthol in moist and flooded soils

Abstract

The metabolism of ¹⁴C‐carbaryl and ¹⁴C‐1‐naphthol in moist and flooded soils was studied in a continuous flow‐through system over a period of 28 days permitting ¹⁴C‐mass balance. The percent distribution of radiocarbon in organic volatiles, carbon dioxide, extractable and non‐extractable (bound) fractions of soils were determined. Organic volatiles could not be detected in both carbaryl and 1‐naphthol treated soils. More of ¹⁴CO₂ (25.6%) was evolved from moist than flooded soil (15.1%) treated with carbaryl. However, the mineralization of ¹⁴C‐1‐naphthol was negligible. The extractable radiocarbon was more in flooded soil (28.9%) than moist soil (5.5%) from carbaryl treatment. Less than one percent was present as parent compound, whereas carbaryl was mainly metabolized to 5‐hydroxy carbaryl in moist soil and to 4‐ and 5‐hydroxy carbaryl in flooded soil. The extractable radiocarbon amounted to 18.2 and 24.3% in moist and flooded soils respectively and the parent compound was less than one percent with 1‐naphthol treatment. Most of the radiocarbon was found as soil bound residues; the formation being more with 1‐naphthol than carbaryl. Humin fraction of the soil organic matter contributed most to soil bound residues of both carbaryl and 1‐naphthol.     

基于FDA模型的地铁列车洪淹事故致因分析*

为了从安全信息视角探究地铁列车洪淹事故原因,基于FDA（Forecast-Decision-Action）事故致因模型和真实事故案例,构建由个体（地铁行车人员）、自组织（地铁运营企业）和他组织（应急主管部门）3个事故致因子模型组成的地铁列车洪淹事故FDA致因模型,并针对安全管理重要环节提出事故预防建议。研究结果表明:阻断事故致因主链或子链、保证必要安全信息充分且完备、防范安全欺骗行为,可有效预防地铁列车洪淹事故,通过实证案例分析验证FDA模型可显著提升地铁防洪应急管理水平。     

冬水田转稻麦轮作对小麦生长季温室气体排放的影响

用静态暗箱-气相色谱法测定了川中丘陵地区典型冬水田(RF)及冬水田转稻麦轮作处理(RW)在小麦生长季的温室气体排放通量,并同步测定了土壤温度、水分和可溶态碳氮含量.结果表明,RW在小麦生长季的CH4、生态系统呼吸CO2和N2O平均排放通量分别为0.05、117.01 mg·m-2·h-1(以C计)和77.19μg·m-2·h-1(以N计),而RF相应通量分别为1.43、7.85 mg·m-2·h-1和-0.61μg·m-2·h-1.RW施氮肥后出现N2O的排放峰,其N2O直接排放系数为1.28%.土壤可溶态有机碳含量与CO2通量之间呈显著正相关关系(r=0.342,p0.01),与CH4、N2O的相关关系不显著;硝态氮、可溶态总氮含量与N2O通量的关系为显著正相关,但与CH4通量呈显著负相关.RF的综合增温潜势(以CO2-eq计,下同)为3.03 Mg·hm-2,大于RW(-1.66 Mg·hm-2),暗示冬水田转稻麦轮作会降低生态系统的综合增温效应.     

不同铁矿物对水稻土砷的稳定化效果及机制

水淹缺氧条件是驱动水稻土砷释放引起砷污染的主要原因,其中,铁矿物在砷的迁移转化过程中扮演重要的角色.为研究水铁矿、针铁矿和赤铁矿对水稻土砷的稳定化效果,分析了3种铁矿物对土壤溶液砷浓度的影响,采用土壤溶液中亚铁和总铁的浓度变化来评估不同铁矿物对砷的稳定化效果,并对3种铁矿物进行扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)等表征分析.结果表明,水铁矿具有最大的比表面积,为192.54m2·g-1,且微孔孔容达到0.069 cm3·g~(-1),针铁矿和赤铁矿依次减少,而3种铁矿物的结晶度以针铁矿最高,赤铁矿和水铁矿依次降低.施用水铁矿、针铁矿和赤铁矿均有效地降低了土壤溶液中砷的浓度,当添加量为2.0%(质量分数)时,土壤溶液中砷浓度分别降低62.55%、61.36%和55.16%.相关性分析表明,随着无定形铁含量的提高,其对砷的稳定化效果趋于显著,其中,土壤无定型铁与无定型结合态砷含量存在正相关关系(r=0.879,p=0.009),而与土壤溶液砷存在负相关关系(r=-0.895,p=0.006).     

The mobility of thiobencarb and fipronil in two flooded rice-growing soils

The mobility of the rice pesticides thiobencarb (S-[(4-chlorophenyl) methyl] diethylcarbamothioate) and fipronil ([5-amino-3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]pyrazole) were investigated in the glasshouse under flooded conditions using two Australian rice-growing soils. When using leakage rates of 10 mm day^?1, less than 20% of applied thiobencarb and fipronil remained in the water column after 10 days due to rapid transfer to the soil phase. Up to 70% and 65% of the applied thiobencarb and fipronil, respectively, were recovered from the 0–1 cm layer of soils. Only 5–7% of each pesticide was recovered from the 1–2 cm layer, and less than 2% was recovered from each 1 cm layer in the 2–10 cm region of the soils. Analysis of the water leaking from the base of the soil cores showed between 5–10% of the applied thiobencarb and between 10–20% of the applied fipronil leaching from the soil cores. The high levels of pesticide in the effluent was attributed to preferential flow of pesticide-laden water via soil macropores resulting from the wetting and drying process, worm holes and root channels.     

Metolachlor persistence in laboratory and field soils under Indian tropical conditions

Abstract

Metolachlor [2‐chloro‐N‐(2‐methoxy‐1‐methylethyl)‐2'‐ethyl‐6'‐methyl acetanilide] dissipation under both field and laboratory conditions were studied during summer season in an Indian soil. Metolachlor was found to have moderate persistence with a half‐life of 27 days in field. The herbicide got leached down to 15–30 cm soil layer and residues were found up to harvest day of the sunflower crop in both 0–15 cm and 15–30 cm soil layers. Metolachlor was found to be more persistent in laboratory studies conducted for 190 days. The rate of degradation was faster in soil under flooded partial anaerobic conditions as compared to aerobic soil with a half‐life of 44.3 days. In aerobic soil, metolachlor was very stable with only 49% dissipation in 130 days. Residues remained in both the soils up to the end of the experimental period of 190 days.     

洪水淹没对矿区下游农用地土壤重金属污染特征的影响

为评估洪水淹没对西南某有色金属矿区下游农用地土壤重金属污染状况及土壤质量的影响,采用单因子指数法、内梅罗指数法、潜在生态风险指数法,对矿区下游淹没区及非淹没区农用地进行评价.结果表明,研究区域内主要重金属污染物为Cd、Sb、Pb、As、Zn,淹没区6种重金属As、Cr、Pb、Zn、Cd、Sb的平均含量分别为36.66、63.48、82.54、128.21、0.61、39.46 mg·kg~(-1),非淹没区6种重金属As、Cr、Pb、Zn、Cd、Sb的平均含量分别为7.38、71.44、13.27、35.27、0.16、5.62 mg·kg~(-1),除重金属Cr外,淹没区与非淹没区重金属平均含量存在显著性差异(p0.05).淹没区As、Pb、Zn、Cd、Sb的超标率分别为52.23%、44.54%、48.14%、72.03%、88.25%,非淹没区As、Pb、Zn、Cd、Sb的超标率分别为4.12%、3.23%、2.16%、15.03%、22.00%,淹没区土壤环境质量类别为安全利用,综合潜在环境风险为很强生态风险(RI=600.3),非淹没区土壤环境质量呈现优先保护状态,综合潜在环境风险为轻微生态风险(RI=69.1).有色金属矿区下游农用地被洪水长期淹没导致As、Pb、Zn、Cd、Sb的污染加重,由于研究区域特殊的地质背景,土壤中大量存在的铁锰氧化物胶膜对重金属具有强吸附作用,当洪水中存在大量重金属,随着水位上升洪水浸没土壤,铁锰氧化物胶膜把大量重金属截留在中下层土壤中,从而导致污染更为严重.     

川中丘陵地区冬水田甲烷排放特征研究

以川中丘陵地区典型冬水田为对象,设置了有水稻常规施肥(RF)、无水稻常规施肥(NP)、有水稻无氮肥(NN)3种处理,以静态暗箱-气相色谱法对甲烷(CH_4)排放进行了原位观测.结果表明,RF、NP和NN处理下CH_4排放通量分别为-0.0042~18.29、0.03~16.78和0.10~26.76mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),平均排放通量分别为10.22、4.25和14.15 mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)(以每平方米每小时消耗/产生的C量(mg)计),水稻生长季是主要排放期,但休闲季CH_4排放量仍占全年CH_4总排放量的14%.没有水稻处理的CH_4排放量显著低于有水稻处理(p0.01);而不施氮肥处理的CH_4排放量显著高于施肥处理(p0.01).CH_4排放通量与5 cm深土壤温度呈显著正相关(p0.01),随着温度的升高,甲烷排放量呈指数增加.CH_4排放通量与1~4 cm的稻田水深呈显著负相关(p0.01),随着水深的增加,甲烷的排放呈指数迅速下降;而与4~8 cm的稻田水深无相关性,甲烷的排放也变化缓慢.由此表明,土壤温度和水深在很大程度上调控着CH_4的排放.此外,研究结果也显示将冬水田休闲期改为旱作可减少CH_4排放,对环境有利.     

苏北黄泛区培育绿色食品产业的战略思考

以丰县为例，论述了培育绿色食品产业发展目标以及加快发展的措施。     

Effect of moisture and compost on fate of azoxystrobin in soils

The effect of compost-amendment and moisture status on the persistence of azoxystrobin [methyl (E)-2-{2-(6-(2-cyanophenoxy) pyrimidin-4-yloxy) phenyl}-3-methoxyacrylate], a strobilurin fungicide, in two rice-growing soils was studied. Azoxystrobin is more sorbed in the silt loam (K _f – 4.66) soil than the sandy loam (K _f – 2.98) soil. Compost-amendment at 5 % levels further enhanced the azoxystrobin sorption and the respective K _f values in silt loam and sandy loam soils were 8.48 and 7.6. Azoxystrobin was more persistent in the sandy loam soil than the silt loam soil. The half–life values of azoxystrobin in nonflooded and flooded silt loam soil were 54.7 and 46.3 days, respectively. The corresponding half–life values in the sandy loam soils were 64 and 62.7 days, respectively. Compost application enhanced persistence of azoxystrobin in the silt loam soil under both moisture regimes and half-life values in non–flooded and flooded soils were 115.7 and 52.8 days, respectively. However, compost enhanced azoxystrobin degradation in the sandy loam soil and half-life values were 59 (nonflooded) and 54.7 days (flooded). The study indicates that compost amendment enhanced azoxystrobin sorption in the soils. Azoxystrobin is more persistent in non-flooded soils than the flooded soils. Compost applications to soils had mixed effect on the azoxystrobin degradation.