基于Copula模型的降雨量与土壤饱和度的模拟研究

采用两步法,针对云南东川蒋家沟流域的降雨量与土壤饱和度,建立了边缘为皮尔逊Ⅲ型的Clayton Copula模型,分析了降雨量和土壤饱和度之间相关结构,以及两变量重现期,模拟了流域内土壤饱和度的变化情况。实例表明所构造的Clayton Copula模型能比较好地模拟出流域内土壤饱和度在降雨情况下逐日变化情况,有助于进一步认识降水对土壤饱和度的作用过程,并为分析泥石流灾害的发生提供了一种新思路。     

云南省东川区泥石流灾害SPOT5遥感影像特征

在东川区县(市)地质灾害详细调查过程中,SPOT5高分辨率卫星遥感数据对泥石流灾害具有较好的解译效果。通过对泥石流SPOT5遥感影像特征进行研究,建立了东川区泥石流遥感解译标志,并对沟谷型泥石流和坡面型泥石流进行识别,共识别了沟谷型泥石流168条,坡面泥石流95处。     

城市高架道路系统抗震性能分析

城市高架道路系统是城市交通系统的抗震薄弱环节,其震害不仅影响其自身的通行能力,通常还会影响高架道路下方的地面交通.对高架道路系统抗震性能的分析方法进行了系统阐述.采用系统分析方法对上海市内环高架道路系统进行了抗震性能分析,得到了震后系统通行时间延长值,而震后系统通行时间延长反映了系统通行能力的降低.     

基于雨量(强)条件的泥石流预测预报研究现状、问题与建议

在对基于雨量(强)条件泥石流预测预报现状综合分析的基础上,提出了目前降雨型泥石流预测预报中存在的问题:①前期降雨对泥石流发生的贡献问题;②前期降雨对泥石流影响的衰减问题;③前期有效降雨天数的确定问题;④前期降雨和短历时降雨的权重衡量问题;⑤基于前期有效雨量的泥石流预测预报模式的确定问题。提出了降雨型泥石流预测预报程式框架和相关建议:①基于雨量(强)条件的泥石流预测预报应同机理研究密切结合;②单沟泥石流临界雨量条件和预测预报应同泥石流类型密切结合;③区域泥石流临界雨量条件和预测预报应同环境地质背景密切结合。     

Evaluating the usability of a commercial cooling vest in the Hong Kong industries

Objective. The provision of appropriate personal cooling vests is recognized as an effective measure to combat heat stress. However, personal cooling vests are not widely implemented in the Hong Kong industries. The current study aims to evaluate the usability of a hybrid cooling vest that is associated with the success of its application in industrial settings. Methods. A self-administrated questionnaire focusing on 10 subjective attributes of cooling effect, ergonomic design and usability of a hybrid cooling vest was administered with 232 occupational workers in the construction, horticultural and cleaning, airport apron services and kitchen and catering industries. Results. A structural equation model estimated by analysis of moment structures was constructed to evaluate the usability of the cooling vest, as influenced by cooling effect and ergonomic design. Results showed that cooling effect (path coefficient?=?0.69, p?p?Conclusions. The structural equation model is feasible to examine the complex nature of the structural relationships among the subjective perceptions of personal cooling vests. The empirical findings furnish sound evidence for further optimization of the hybrid cooling vest in terms of cooling effect and ergonomic design for occupational workers.     

基于结构方程模型的地铁乘客安全行为影响因素分析

为了研究地铁乘客安全行为的影响因素,通过对北京、上海、广州、深圳等城市的地铁乘客的多项安全指标的抽样调查,建立了关于乘客安全行为的结构方程模型,研究了影响地铁乘客安全行为的主要因素。结果表明:良好的地铁安全氛围能有效提高乘客的安全知识水平、安全动机、安全心理水平、安全参与行为水平;安全参与行为水平同时受到乘客安全知识水平和乘客接受安全培训状况的影响,其中,乘客安全知识水平的高低取决于乘客接受安全培训状况;安全服从行为则与安全动机存在较强的正相关关系;乘客的安全心理水平只跟地铁安全氛围有关,安全氛围越好,乘客安全心理水平越高,安全知识作为中介变量同时影响着安全氛围与安全参与行为、安全培训与安全参与行为、安全氛围与安全动机以及安全培训与安全动机之间的关系,提高乘客安全知识水平是提高乘客安全行为水平的重要途径。     

皮带输煤暗道通风排尘改造方案优化研究

为了解决皮带输煤暗道运输过程中粉尘污染严重及冬季供暖不足问题,对暗道通风供热系统进行了优化改造研究。以中煤平朔安家岭264输煤暗道为例,基于气固两相流理论,利用CFD模拟方法,对暗道内由风速对悬浮粉尘浓度分布的影响规律进行数值仿真。模拟结果显示:当输煤暗道排尘风速由0.25 m/s升至0.35 m/s时,粉尘浓度降为3.2 mg/m3,暗道最大通风阻力为245.94 Pa,最低换热量747.68 kW。基于数值模拟结果,从3种优化方案中选定一压一抽联合式通风除尘方案进行改造,现场实测除尘效果良好,表明所提出的输煤暗道通风除尘方案具有实践指导意义。     

三峡库区消落带农用坡地氮素流失特征及其环境效应

三峡库区消落带坡地的自发农用较为常见,消落带的这种利用方式可能加剧养分流失并对库区水环境造成影响.通过对库区2011～2013年3个落干期消落带农用坡地的地表径流、壤中流中氮素形态与浓度进行定位监测,研究消落带农用坡地氮素流失特征及其环境效应.结果表明:常规施肥下,消落带农用坡地侵蚀模数为1 443 kg/(hm2·a),落干期内坡地平均径流量为230 mm,径流系数为0.58,其中壤中流流量占总径流量的77％.历次降雨产流事件中常规施肥处理时,地表径流、壤中流中TN平均浓度分别是4.85±0.85、20.73±2.05 mg/L,落干期地表径流(泥沙)和壤中流的TN流失量分别为6.63± 1.19、35.22±3.38 kg/hm2,分别占当季施肥量的2.2％、11.7％.可见,随壤中流流失是三峡库区消落带农用坡地氮素流失的主要途径.与常规施肥处理相比,减量施肥处理使地表径流(泥沙)、壤中流TN流失通量分别显著降低了25％、48％,表明减少氮肥用量可以显著降低消落带农用带来的环境风险,建议消落带农用地氮肥进行减量施肥,使其既不影响作物产量,也显著降低氮流失.     

Energy consumption model and energy efficiency evaluation for CNC continuous generating grinding machine tools

Abstract

Machine tool, which is the basis energy consumed device in manufacturing system, its energy consumption model and energy efficiency evaluation are the prerequisites for energy saving in manufacturing. Considering the multi-energy-sources features,analysed the mathematical model of a CNC continuous generating grinding machine tool from the view of energy constitute. The energy sources of a CNC continuous generating grinding machine tool are classified into gear grinding system, grinding wheel dressing system and auxiliary system. Based on the power balance equations of energy flow, the energy flow system of a CNC continuous generating grinding machine tool is established. And then the energy consumption mathematical model of a CNC continuous generating grinding machine tool is set up by combining the power balance equations with the operating features of three kinds of energy sources. The case study shows that the proposed energy consumption model can provide fundamental support for energy consumption forecasting, energy efficiency analysis and energy-saving optimisation during the machine tool operation process.     

Revealing the Diversity of Natural Hydrologic Regimes in California with Relevance for Environmental Flows Applications

Alterations to flow regimes for water management objectives have degraded river ecosystems worldwide. These alterations are particularly profound in Mediterranean climate regions such as California with strong climatic variability and riverine species highly adapted to the resulting flooding and drought disturbances. However, defining environmental flow targets for Mediterranean rivers is complicated by extreme hydrologic variability and often intensive water management legacies. Improved understanding of the diversity of natural streamflow patterns and their spatial arrangement across Mediterranean regions is needed to support the future development of effective flow targets at appropriate scales for management applications with minimal resource and data requirements. Our study addresses this need through the development of a spatially explicit reach‐scale hydrologic classification for California. Dominant hydrologic regimes and their physio‐climatic controls are revealed, using available unimpaired and naturalized streamflow time‐series and generally publicly available geospatial datasets. This methodology identifies eight natural flow classes representing distinct flow sources, hydrologic characteristics, and catchment controls over rainfall‐runoff response. The study provides a broad‐scale hydrologic framework upon which flow‐ecology relationships could subsequently be established towards reach‐scale environmental flows applications in a complex, highly altered Mediterranean region.