经过水泥固化的重金属废物的穿透渗漏实验

采用穿透渗漏实验方法研究了经水泥固化的重金属废物的长期渗漏行为。用由Ｐｂ＾２＋、Ｚｎ＾２＋、Ｃｕ＾２＋、Ｎｉ＾２＋和Ｃｒ＾６＋５种重金属组成的合成废物样品进行２组实验。实验研究了渗漏实验液流速、ＰＨ的变化和金属渗漏能力对固体废物长期渗漏行为的影响。     

Temporal moments analysis of preferential solute transport in soils

Temporal moments analysis of solute breakthrough curves is used to investigate the preferential leaching of chloride, nitrate and phosphate through an Australian soil. Recent studies have shown that current models and methods do not adequately describe the leaching of nutrients through soil, often underestimating the risk of groundwater contamination by surface-applied chemicals, and overestimating the concentration of resident solutes. This inaccuracy results primarily from ignoring soil structure and non-equilibrium between soil constituents, water and solutes. Therefore simple models are required to accurately characterise solute transport in natural and agricultural soils under non-equilibrium conditions. A multiple sample percolation system, consisting of 25 individual collection wells was constructed to study the effects of localised soil heterogeneities on the transport of nutrients (NO₃ ^–, Cl^–, PO₄ ^{3 –}) in the vadose zone of an agricultural soil predominantly dominated by clay. Using data collected from the multiple sample percolation experiments, this paper compares and contrasts the performance of temporal moments analysis with two mathematical models for predicting solute transport, the advective-dispersion model with a reaction term (ADR) and a two-region preferential flow model (TRM) suitable for modelling preferential transport. The values for solute transport parameters predicted by temporal moments analysis were in excellent agreement with experimental data and results from ADR and TRM. It is concluded that temporal moments analysis when applied with other physical models such as the ADR and TRM, provide an excellent means of obtaining values for important solute transport parameters and gaining insight of preferential flow. These results have significant ramifications for modelling solute transport and predicting nutrient loadings.     

曲线拟合在环境空气污染物浓度预测中的应用

从分析环境空气污染物月均值的时间变化规律入手 ,找出与污染物变化特征相对应的数学函数 ,应用曲线拟合的方法 ,结合统计回归分析 ,建立曲线拟合方程。该方程可应用于污染物浓度的中长期预测     

污染物总量控制中载体水流量的测定

示踪剂法测定河水流量是较为准确的办法 ,利用河流动力模型计算出示踪剂投放点 ,利用示踪剂投放量与测定浓度之间的关系可方便地获得河水流量结果     

连续流动-固相微萃取方法富集水中多环芳烃的探讨

建立了连续流动-固相微萃取富集、气相色谱测定水中多环芳烃的方法,探讨了流量和溶液体积对萃取效果的影响。方法在0μg／L-40μg／L范围内线性良好,8种多环芳烃的检出限为0．05μg／L-0．5μg／L,样品测定的相对标准偏差〈7％,加标回收率为87．0％～112％。     

Simulating Nitrate Leaching Profiles in a Highly Permeable Vadose Zone

An approach is developed to simulate leaching of a dissolved chemical constituent in the vadose zone of an aquifer. Specifically, nitrate loading at the water table for different water table depths, for a range of aquifer permeability values, and for different cases of heterogeneity of the aquifer, are considered. Models from the literature are first used to derive soil–water characteristic curves (water retention and hydraulic conductivity) from a grain size distribution curve for unsaturated conditions. Given infiltration from the surface, the initial conditions for the chemical concentration, and the water content profile, leaching of the chemical in the vadose zone is simulated as a function of both time and depth. The methodology is illustrated for a permeable aquifer. Simulations are undertaken using a finite element code for saturated and unsaturated flow. Different scenarios are simulated depending on the heterogeneity of the aquifer and the depth of the water table. Modeling results show that in the example case studied, nitrate concentration loading at the water table does not depend strongly on the position of the water table, but rather on the material properties of the aquifer. The contribution of this endeavor resides in the methodology which allows a prediction of nitrate leaching using only the grain size property of the aquifer. It allows practitioners to obtain a first assessment of leaching with limited data.     

崂山风景区旅游环境容量研究

通过对历年游客流量调查，分析了崂山风景区客流时间和空间分布特征。计算了景区9条步道游线，3条索道和7个人文景观区的日容量、月容量和年容量，并分析了景区旅游环境容量的利用强度，发现2004年景区各条步道游线、各条索道和各个人文景观区的日、月、年容量利用强度均为适载，但第一、第二和第三高峰日已严重超载。最后，制定了游客流量宏观调控对策及微观调控措施。     

云南蒋家沟泥石流运动特征及其发展趋势

根据蒋家沟1965~2005年的泥石流运动观测资料与会泽气象站1965~2005年日降水资料,应用Hurst指数分析泥石流的运动要素,研究发现:泥石流年输沙量的Hurst指数为0.682时,年输沙量呈较强的正持续性,未来呈增长趋势;降雨量的Hurst指数0.605时,降雨量呈较弱的正持续性,未来呈较弱的增长趋势。同时,运用小波分析方法,发现泥石流输沙量具有多时间尺度周期的特征,主要表现为:第8、14和24年分别为其第1、2和3活动周期;结合小波方差图分析可知:在未来15 a以上,年输沙量将呈减少趋势,泥石流活跃程度弱;而15 a以内,未来将会保持较短时间的增加趋势,泥石流活跃程度强。综合以上分析可知:蒋家沟泥石流具有规模巨大,作用强烈,类型齐全等主要特征。     

泥石流灾害风险评价方法及其应用研究

探讨泥石流灾害风险评价的理论和方法;利用已有的泥石流灾害资料,建立泥石流风险评价体系和实施流程;提出风险评价的定量计算方法;结合遥感和地理信息系统技术,完成了云南省昆明市东川区泥石流灾害的定量风险评价。研究结果与泥石流实际分布和调查资料基本一致,表明所提出的泥石流灾害风险评价的理论与方法具有一定的理论价值和现实意义,可以为泥石流灾害风险评价和防灾减灾管理提供有益的科学依据。     

曝气-过滤一体化装置脱氮除磷的研究

曝气-过滤一体化装置将生物反应器与过滤机理有机结合,较好地维持了反应器中的高污泥浓度,实现了水力停留时间（HRT）与污泥停留时间的分离。采用连续流间歇曝气工艺对该装置的脱氮除磷效果进行了研究。实验结果表明：在HRT为8h,运行方式为曝气2h、停曝2h的条件下,COD去除率为95．55％,NH3-N未检出,TN为84．90％,TP为93．69％,出水各项指标都达到了GB8978-1996（污水综合排放标准》一级排放标准要求。