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81.
Environmental assessment of garden waste management in the Municipality of Aarhus, Denmark 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
An environmental assessment of six scenarios for handling of garden waste in the Municipality of Aarhus (Denmark) was performed from a life cycle perspective by means of the LCA-model EASEWASTE. In the first (baseline) scenario, the current garden waste management system based on windrow composting was assessed, while in the other five scenarios alternative solutions including incineration and home composting of fractions of the garden waste were evaluated. The environmental profile (normalised to Person Equivalent, PE) of the current garden waste management in Aarhus is in the order of −6 to 8 mPE Mg−1 ww for the non-toxic categories and up to 100 mPE Mg−1 ww for the toxic categories. The potential impacts on non-toxic categories are much smaller than what is found for other fractions of municipal solid waste. Incineration (up to 35% of the garden waste) and home composting (up to 18% of the garden waste) seem from an environmental point of view suitable for diverting waste away from the composting facility in order to increase its capacity. In particular the incineration of woody parts of the garden waste improved the environmental profile of the garden waste management significantly. 相似文献
82.
Onandia G Olsson AK Barth S King JS Uddling J 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(10):2350-2354
With rising concentrations of both atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and tropospheric ozone (O3), it is important to better understand the interacting effects of these two trace gases on plant physiology affecting land-atmosphere gas exchange. We investigated the effect of growth under elevated CO2 and O3, singly and in combination, on the primary short-term stomatal response to CO2 concentration in paper birch at the Aspen FACE experiment. Leaves from trees grown in elevated CO2 and/or O3 exhibited weaker short-term responses of stomatal conductance to both an increase and a decrease in CO2 concentration from current ambient level. The impairement of the stomatal CO2 response by O3 most likely developed progressively over the growing season as assessed by sap flux measurements. Our results suggest that expectations of plant water-savings and reduced stomatal air pollution uptake under rising atmospheric CO2 may not hold for northern hardwood forests under concurrently rising tropospheric O3. 相似文献
83.
Gottschalk F Ort C Scholz RW Nowack B 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2011,159(12):3439-3445
Probabilistic material flow analysis and graph theory were combined to calculate predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in Swiss rivers: 543 river sections were used to assess the geographical variability of nano-TiO2, nano-ZnO and nano-Ag, and flow measurements over a 20-year period at 21 locations served to evaluate temporal variation. A conservative scenario assuming no ENM removal and an optimistic scenario covering complete ENM transformation/deposition were considered. ENM concentrations varied by a factor 5 due to uncertain ENM emissions (15%-85% quantiles of ENM emissions) and up to a factor of 10 due to temporal river flow variations (15%-85% quantiles of flow). The results indicate highly variable local PECs and a location- and time-dependent risk evaluation. Nano-TiO2 median PECs ranged from 11 to 1′623 ng L−1 (conservative scenario) and from 2 to 1′618 ng L−1 (optimistic scenario). The equivalent values for nano-ZnO and nano-Ag were by factors of 14 and 240 smaller. 相似文献
84.
The bromination of five selected pharmaceuticals (metoprolol, naproxen, amoxicillin, phenacetin, and hydrochlorothiazide) was studied with these compounds individually dissolved in ultra-pure water. The apparent rate constants for the bromination reaction were determined as a function of the pH, obtaining the sequence amoxicillin > naproxen ? hydrochlorothiazide ≈ phenacetin ≈ metoprolol. A kinetic mechanism specifying the dissociation reactions and the species formed for each compound according to its pKa value and the pH allowed the intrinsic rate constants to be determined for each elementary reaction. There was fairly good agreement between the experimental and calculated values of the apparent rate constants, confirming the goodness of the proposed reaction mechanism.In a second stage, the bromination of the selected pharmaceuticals simultaneously dissolved in three water matrices (a groundwater, a surface water from a public reservoir, and a secondary effluent from a WWTP) was investigated. The pharmaceutical elimination trend agreed with the previously determined rate constants. The influence of the main operating conditions (pH, initial bromine dose, and characteristics of the water matrix) on the degradation of the pharmaceuticals was established. An elimination concentration profile for each pharmaceutical in the water matrices was proposed based on the use of the previously evaluated apparent rate constants, and the theoretical results agreed satisfactorily with experiment. Finally, chlorination experiments performed in the presence of bromide showed that low bromide concentrations slightly accelerate the oxidation of the selected pharmaceuticals during chlorine disinfection. 相似文献
85.
采用浸渍-热分解法制备了含IrOx-TiO2中间层的IrO2-SnO2电极,得到的电极具有较高的析氯电催化活性和较强的稳定性,并通过电化学氧化法对Na2SO3海水脱硫模拟液进行处理,考察了电流密度、温度、pH值和电解时间等电解工艺参数对Na2SO3去除率和化学需氧量COD的影响。结果表明,在电流密度为200 mA/cm^2,pH值为3.5,电解440 mg/L的Na2SO3海水脱硫模拟液,15 min时Na2SO3去除率可达96.5%,COD去除率可达82.6%。 相似文献
86.
为探讨Cu2+、p H和流速对固定化斜生栅藻去除畜禽废水中NH+4-N、TP效果的影响,在实验室条件下模拟实际污水处理过程,并采用正交实验方案对结果进行分析。结果表明低质量浓度Cu2+(0~0.05 mg/L)改善藻的净化效果,高质量浓度Cu2+(0.50~5.00 mg/L)抑制藻的净化效果;在p H较高的条件下(p H=9),固定化斜生栅藻的净化效果明显提高;流速对结果没有明显影响。通过正交实验,得出固定化斜生栅藻去除畜禽废水中NH+4-N、TP的优化条件如下:Cu2+质量浓度为0.05 mg/L,p H为9,流速为0.3 m/s。此时NH+4-N去除率为96.11%,TP去除率为97.53%。 相似文献
87.
88.
89.
矿井井筒提升设备绕流的数值模拟 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
基于经典的流体力学理论,建立罐笼绕流的二维RNGκ-ε湍流模型,分析其初始边界条件,并结合工程实际应用FLUENT计算流体动力学软件模拟罐笼运行时井筒内流场及压力场,得出井筒内流场及压力场的变化规律。研究结果表明:在罐笼运行期间,由于空间受限而引发活塞效应,井筒内压力发生瞬态变化,造成通风系统的压力波动,导致气流运动的动态改变,对通风系统稳定性有一定的影响。 相似文献
90.
地铁车站突发客流疏运能力的理论计算与分析 总被引:4,自引:4,他引:4
针对车站OB应对亚运会期间大规模突发客流疏导问题,利用理论分析的方法计算不同车站设计方案,包括车站一岛一侧站台设计和一岛站台设计及不同通道设计时的最大疏运能力。计算考虑了车站建筑结构、出入口、闸机口和边门、楼扶梯等通道的数量及通过能力、站台面的容纳能力、列车的装载量、售检票方式、行车交路组织等诸多因素。通过对影响客流疏导的主要控制因素进行能力核算,分别得到了两种站台形式设计方案时的最大疏运能力的理论值。研究结论将有利于解决该车站应对亚运会期间大规模突发客流疏导问题,同时理论分析方法可为其他类似的车站能力设计提供参考。 相似文献