煤矸石－粉煤灰－废石膏烧结陶粒

采用制粒烧结工艺成功地把煤矸石、粉煤灰及废石膏（或烟气脱硫污泥）制备成建筑用轻质陶粒，实现了对上述固体废物的资源化和稳定化。煤矸石等的配料比以及粉状原料的颗粒尺寸分布是在成球盘中制粒的主要影响因素。烧结过程中的影响因素较多，但烧结温度是影响产品质量的主要因素。煤矸石－粉煤灰－废石膏陶粒烧结过程发生在９５０—１２５０℃，最佳烧结温度为１２００±５０℃，制得的陶位坚硬如岩石，容重等级为９００，筒压强度为９—１５ＭＰａ，超过ＧＢ２８３８－８１的筒压强度≥６．５ＭＰａ的规定。     

Impediments to refractory recycling decision-making

This paper focuses on organizational impediments to the successful implementation of industrial recycling programs. Even if a technologically viable and mutually beneficial solution were to exist, there are a number of organizational impediments that make it unlikely to succeed unless the benefits are very large and apparent. These impediments stem from the difficulty in identifying potential partners and involving the appropriate individuals within the firms that understand the technical requirements, value the strategic benefits and are receptive towards establishing the industrial recycling relationship. This dilemma applies to many industrial recycling opportunities, but solutions do exist. One way to avoid some of these obstacles is to use a middleman, or broker, who can play several crucial roles to establish the relationship. This paper describes the impediments and key broker roles, and provides a case study dealing with refractory recycling. It provides a case study that documents a recycling relationship between an aluminum-manufacturing firm that produces a large volume of spent refractories and a regional portland cement producer that is using the spent refractories as an alternative raw material source. This paper also provides a thorough literature search in the area of refractory recycling. Finally, the case study provides an opportunity for analysis and reflection on the implications of these findings to industrial firms, industrial societies and governmental agencies that seek to encourage successful recycling operations.     

荆州市城市生活垃圾分类收集调查

围绕荆州市城市生活垃圾分类收集问题展开了社会调查。结果表明，居民主要通过电视和报纸了解垃圾分类政策，中等收入人群更关注垃圾分类，市民的环境意识非常强，超过70％的市民有垃圾分类的习惯并支持垃圾分类收集，大部分市民能接受的分类方式是可回收和不可回收分类方式，有近28％的居民对垃圾减量化认识不够，65．2％的居民能理解个人承担部分垃圾处理费用的必要性。论文还提出了相应的改进意见和解决办法，为生活垃圾分类收集在全国的推广提供了依据。     

稀土元素(La3+)对厨余垃圾暗发酵产氢性能影响研究

通过在厨余垃圾暗发酵产氢过程中添加不同质量浓度的稀土元素La3+,考察稀土元素对产氢性能的影响。结果表明,添加一定质量浓度的La3+能促进厨余垃圾产氢效率,而高质量浓度则有抑制效应。添加La3+质量浓度为0.5 mg/L时效果最佳,产氢量和总有机酸量达到最大,分别为43.11 mL/gVS和11 871.7 mg/L,分别是对照组的1.45倍和1.24倍。添加一定量的稀土元素也能同时促进产氢污泥的胞外多聚物的生成。     

运用模糊综合评价法对简易垃圾填埋场进行安全评价--以深圳布吉甘坑垃圾填埋场为例

以深圳布吉甘坑垃圾填埋场为例。按照安全评价工作一般程序。对简易垃圾填埋场存在的安全问题进行了分析与评价。其主要内容包括：根据对甘坑垃圾场现状的考察和分析。发现其存在因填埋场缺乏控制而发生场内火灾爆炸、作业不规范导致堆体稳定性欠佳而发生堆体崩塌的可能性。以及因发生火灾爆炸而对临近建筑产生破坏的可能性。针对填埋场安全问题的复杂性与影响因素的模糊性。选用模糊综合评价法,建立简易垃圾填埋场安全评价指标体系,包括作业规范、导气控制系统、防渗系统、临近建筑距离、管理水平五项指标及指标对安全评价集的隶属度函数,对甘坑垃圾场安全性进行评价,得到其“很不安全”的评价结果。     

兽药抗生素对土壤微生物群落的影响

兽药抗生素广泛应用于畜禽养殖业,用于预防、治疗动物疾病及促进动物生长。然而,养殖过程中使用的抗生素不能被动物完全吸收,其中40%～90%以母体或其代谢物的形式排出动物体外并随畜禽粪便进入土壤环境,对土壤微生物群落结构和功能产生影响。在汇总了畜禽粪便和土壤中兽药抗生素的残留特征之后,概述了抗生素对土壤微生物群落结构和功能的影响以及微生物产生的污染诱导群落耐性。重点探讨了抗生素微生物毒性的影响因素和近年来对微生物共耐性方面的研究,并对未来的研究方向及目标提出了建议。     

The effects of application of agricultural wastes to firing range soil on metal accumulation in Ipomoea aquatica and soil metal bioavailability

The immobilisation of heavy metals in the soil of a 25-year-old active firing range using durian (Durio zibethinus L.) tree sawdust (DTS), coconut coir (CC) and oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) was investigated. The immobilisation effects were evaluated in terms of metal accumulation in water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) and soil metal bioavailability. A pot experiment was conducted by amending the firing range soil with DTS, CC and EFB at application rates of 0%, 1% and 3% (w/w), respectively. All amendments increased the biomass yield and reduced the uptake of heavy metals in the plant tissue. Zn had the highest values of Bioconcentration Factor (BCF: 0.301–0.865) and Translocation Factor (TF: 1.056–1.883). Pb was the least-accumulated and transported metal in the plant tissues, with the BCF and TF values of 0.019–0.048 and 0.038–0.116, respectively. The bioavailable fraction of heavy metals in the firing range soil decreased following the application of the three agricultural wastes studied. DTS, CC and EFB did not cause toxicity symptoms in the water spinach over the pot experiment. Therefore, DTS, CC and EFB are considered promising immobilising agents for the remediation of metal-contaminated land.     

Potential health impacts of heavy-metal exposure at the Tar Creek Superfund site,Ottawa County,Oklahoma

The potential impact of exposure to heavy metals and health problems was evaluated at the Tar Creek Superfund site, Ottawa County, Oklahoma, USA. Observed versus expected mortality was calculated for selected conditions in the County and exposed cities. Excess mortality was found for stroke and heart disease when comparing the exposed County to the state but not when comparing the exposed cities to the nonexposed rest of the County. However, sample sizes in the exposed area were small, population emigration has been ongoing, and geographic coding of mortality data was incomplete. In an exposed community, 62.5% of children under the age of 6 years had blood lead levels exceeding 10 μg/dl. The relationships between heavy-metal exposure and children’s health and chronic disease in adults are suggestive that a more thorough investigation might be warranted. A number of possible environmental and health studies are suggested, including those focusing on possible central nervous system impacts. Unfortunately, the exposed population is dispersing. One lesson learned at this site is that health studies need to be conducted as soon as possible after an environmental problem is identified to both study the impact of the most acute exposures and to maximize study sample size—including those exposed to higher doses—and minimize the loss of individuals to follow-up.     

发酵牛粪和造纸干粉对土壤中多环芳烃降解的影响

运用泥浆反应法研究添加发酵牛粪和造纸干粉对土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)降解的影响.试验按水土比2:1制成泥浆反应器,设置对照、添加2.5%发酵牛粪和添加2.5%造纸干粉等3个处理,25～28℃摇床培养,分别于10、20、30 d采样测定土壤中多环芳烃降解菌的数量和多环芳烃含量.结果发现,所有处理土壤中多环芳烃的含量均随培养时间的延长而逐渐降低,而添加发酵牛粪和造纸干粉均有利于提高土壤中多环芳烃降解菌的数量,在培养30 d后土壤中多环芳烃的降解率分别从对照处理的19%显著提高到37%和35%(P<0.05).结果还发现,多环芳烃分环降解率随苯环数增加而下降,培养30 d后土壤中2环多环芳烃的降解率达95%以上,3环多环芳烃的降解率为50%左右,对照处理4～6环多环芳烃的降解率为7%～13%,而添加发酵牛粪和造纸干粉处理土壤中4～6环多环芳烃的降解率显著提高到21%～28%(P<0.05),但对2～3环多环芳烃的降解无明显影响,表明这两种物质对土壤中多环芳烃降解的影响关键在于促进高环多环芳烃降解菌的生长繁殖及降解活性.     

3个城市生活垃圾焚烧炉飞灰中二噁英类分析

对3个城市生活垃圾焚烧炉飞灰中二英类浓度分布的实验研究表明,飞灰中二英类异构体的浓度分布具有相类似的特征,高氯代二英类的含量明显高于低氯代二英类.飞灰中二英类的毒性贡献主要来自多氯二苯并呋喃(PCDFs).布袋除尘器前添加活性炭粉末时,飞灰的二英类浓度比没有添加活性炭时高1.8倍,而尾气中二英类浓度相应降低.