River Channel Geometry and Rating Curve Estimation Using Height above the Nearest Drainage

River channel geometry is an important input to hydraulic and hydrologic models. Traditional approaches to quantify river geometry have involved surveyed river cross sections, which cannot be extended to ungaged basins. In this paper, we describe a method for developing a synthetic rating curve to relate flow to water level in a stream reach based on reach‐averaged channel geometry properties developed using the Height above Nearest Drainage (HAND) method. HAND uses a digital elevation model (DEM) of the terrain and computes the elevation difference between each land surface cell and the stream bed cell to which it drains. Taking increments in water level in the stream, HAND defines the inundation zone and a water depth grid within this zone, and the channel characteristics are defined from this water depth grid. We apply our method to the Blanco River (Texas) and the Tar River (North Carolina) using 10‐m terrain data from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) dataset. We evaluate the method's performance by comparing the reach‐average stage‐river geometry relationships and rating curves to those from calibrated Hydrologic Engineering Center's River Analysis System (HEC‐RAS) models and USGS gage observations. The results demonstrate that after some adjustment, the river geometry information and rating curves derived from HAND using national‐coverage datasets are comparable to those obtained from hydraulic models or gage measurements. We evaluate the inundation extent and show our approach is able to capture the majority of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) 100‐year floodplain.     

废催化裂化催化剂的危险性及污染特征

为考察我国废催化裂化(FCC)催化剂的危险性及污染特征,以国内典型FCC装置的废催化剂为研究对象,分析其易燃性、反应性、腐蚀性、浸出毒性、毒性物质含量及急性毒性。研究发现:废FCC催化剂无易燃性、反应性、腐蚀性、急性毒性危险;未检测出具有致癌致突变性的有机污染物;废FCC催化剂的特征污染物为Ni及其化合物,Ni的浸出浓度低于国家标准限值,Ni的存在形态为Ni Al2O4尖晶石,而非具有致癌性的Ni O形态。     

CFD技术及其在水处理研究中的应用

简要介绍了CFD技术的基本数值方法和几种著名的商业软件的特征,并例述了在水处理设备研究中的应用,指出CFD技术作为一种强有力的科研手段,应引起广大水处理研究工作者的足够重视。     

"南海贻贝观察":广东沿海牡蛎体中Zn含量水平及其变化趋势

为了了解广东沿海重要养殖水域Zn含量水平变化趋势,1989～1997年间实施"南海贻贝观察"计划对广东12个地点牡蛎体的Zn含量进行了连续监测.广东沿海牡蛎体Zn含量范围为50.4×10-6～768×10-6,总平均值为245×10-6,总体上属清洁～微污染水平.牡蛎体Zn含量的海域分布格局呈珠江口海区＞粤东海区≥粤西海区.1989～1991年,广东沿海牡蛎体Zn含量呈上升趋势,此后略微下降,1994～1997年间牡蛎体Zn含量虽有波动,但年际间没有明显差异.     

湖北省60年代以来气温日较差的变化趋势

利用湖北省７２站１９６１￣１９９５年逐月最高、最低气温资料,计算并详细分析了湖北省年、四季及逐月气温日较差的线性变化趋势。结果表明：（１）年最低气温呈明显上升趋势,而最高气温为下降趋势,因此气温日较差呈显著减少趋势。（２）就四季来看,最高气温在春、夏、冬季均呈下降趋势,但只有夏季的下降趋势是显著的,秋季呈弱上升趋势;最低气温在四季均呈上升趋势,但只有冬季的上升趋势是显著的;气温日较差在冬季与夏季均     

长江中游洪涝灾害的发展趋势与跨流域治理的必要性

回顾了近五百年来长江中游洪涝灾害发生的历史,运用历史外推原理对洪灾的发展趋势进行了预测,认为在未来的十几年内,长江中游洪灾的发展态势不容乐观。在防御对策上,中央“三十二字”指导原则提出后,人们普遍把眼光投向流域内生态环境的治理。从历史看,长江中游自古以来就是受洪患严重威胁的地区,近代流域内生态环境的破坏在一定程度上人为地加剧了这一威胁,流域内生态环境的治理十分重要。但导致长江中游洪灾的根本 原因还     

A Hydrologic Data Screening Procedure for Exploring Monotonic Trends and Shifts in Rainfall and Runoff Patterns

A thorough understanding of past and present hydrologic responses to changes in precipitation patterns is crucial for predicting future conditions. The main objectives of this study were to determine temporal changes in rainfall‐runoff relationship and to identify significant trends and abrupt shifts in rainfall and runoff time series. Ninety‐year rainfall and runoff time series datasets from the Gasconade and Meramec watersheds in east‐central Missouri were used to develop data screening procedure to assess changes in the rainfall and runoff temporal patterns. A statistically significant change in mean and variance was detected in 1980 in the rainfall and runoff time series within both watersheds. In addition, both the rainfall and runoff time series indicated the presence of nonstationary attributes such as statistically significant monotonic trends and/or change in mean and variance, which should be taken into consideration when using the time series to predict future scenarios. The annual peak runoff and the annual low flow in the Meramec watershed showed significant temporal changes compared to that in the Gasconade watershed. Water loss in both watersheds was found to be significantly increasing which is potentially due to the increase in groundwater pumping for water supply purposes.     

泛长江三角洲城市旅游绩效空间格局演变及其影响因素

城市旅游绩效是综合衡量城市旅游业生产活动过程和效果的重要手段。论文基于旅游发展规模和质量视角,利用旅游业绩指数和Bootstrap-DEA测算泛长江三角洲城市旅游绩效,并采用空间变差函数和SDM探讨城市旅游绩效的格局演变及其影响因素。结果表明：1）区域城市旅游业绩和效率呈现相异的空间格局,城市旅游业绩高值区分布于上海、杭州和南京等中心城市及其邻近地区,低值区多位于皖北和苏北地区;城市旅游效率高值区逐渐呈现“皖北—苏南—上海—皖南—浙东”的“Z”字形分布,低值区不断向苏中、苏北和皖中地区集聚。2）区域城市旅游业绩和效率格局的演变过程存在明显差异,城市旅游业绩格局发生变异的随机成分不断降低,而旅游效率格局的结构化变异逐渐增大;城市旅游业绩的空间差异在不断缩小,各方向上的差异较为稳定,而旅游效率格局的空间差异先减小后增大,各方向上的差异切换频繁。3）区域城市旅游绩效的格局演变与城市经济发展、产业结构、交通条件、信息技术、市场化和城市化等多种因素有关,各影响因素及其空间效应强度的差异引致区域城市旅游业绩和效率格局呈现不同的演变轨迹。     

基于均生函数的大坝水位安全预测

大坝水位变化特别是汛期水位的剧烈变化不仅会对大坝的安全运营造成很大影响,甚至会威胁到下游和周边居民的生命财产安全,因此必须对大坝的水位进行安全监测。由于大坝的水位受天气和降水的影响明显,具有一定的周期性,因此,利用均生函数周期性记忆的特点,建立时间序列与均生函数之间的回归方程,构造预报模型的方法,能准确预测出水位的变化趋势,对一些变化很大的趋势甚至也能准确预测。该方法在大坝安全预测中的应用不仅能给出先导性信息,也为大坝的安全预测工作提供一种新方法。     

大气环境容量系数A值频率曲线拟合及其应用

在用A值法确定大气环境容量的方法研究中,给出了大气环境容量系数的理论定义、特性及其累积频率曲线的PIII型拟合,同时证明该系数亦可定义为空气自洁指数.以北京为例探讨了各重现期的大气环境容量系数在不同控制区面积、时段所对应的容量及其相应空气质量的关联.按1951~2014的气象数据计算的北京百年一遇的年均A值为4.47,而百日一遇的日均A值仅为0.23.研究结果表明大气环境容量系数的频率分析或可成为大气环境管理中的一个重要工具.