The characterization of heat transfer fluid P-NF aerosol combustion: Ignitable region and flame development

Heat transfer fluids tend to form aerosols due to the operating conditions at high pressure when accidental leaking occurs in pipelines or storage vessels, which may cause serious fires and explosions. Due to the physical property complexity of aerosols, it is difficult to define a standard term of “flammability limits” as is possible for gases. The study discussed in this paper primarily focuses on the characterization of ignition conditions and flame development of heat transfer fluid aerosols. The flammable region of a widely-used commercial heat transfer fluid, Paratherm NF (P-NF), was analyzed by electro-spray generation with a laser diffraction particle analysis method. The aerosol ignition behavior depends on the droplet size and concentration of the aerosol. From the adjustment of differently applied electro-spray voltages (7–10 kV) and various liquid feeding rates, a flammable condition distribution was obtained by comparison of droplet size and concentration. An appropriate amount (0.3–1.2 ppm) of smaller droplets (80–110 μm) existing in a given space could result in successful flame formation, while larger droplets (up to 190 μm) have a relatively narrowed range of flammable conditions (0.7–0.9 ppm). It is possible to generate a more useful reference for industry and lab scale consideration when handling liquids. This paper provides initial flammability criteria for analyzing P-NF aerosol fire hazards in terms of droplet size and volumetric concentration, discusses the observation of aerosol combustion processes, and summarizes an ignition delay phenomenon. All of the fundamental study results are to be applied to practical cases with fire hazards analysis, pressurized liquid handling, and mitigation system design once there is a better understanding of aerosols formed by high-flash point materials.     

我国环境法确立风险预防原则的思考

环境风险预防原则是应对环境风险日益凸显的重要原则。通过对环境风险预防原则的分析,发现环境风险预防原则在我国确立中还存在着对其研究程度不够、混同于"预防为主,防治结合"原则以及仍惯于事后执法的传统思维等问题。面对挑战,应多措并举推进环境风险预防原则建设,例如确立环境风险预防原则作为环境法基本原则,转变举证责任主体的机制、建立信息公开等与风险预防原则相关的法律制度,拟采过错责任为风险预防的归责原则,从而预防和遏制环境风险的产生与扩散。     

利用石油流化焦制备活性炭的研究

通过高温化学活化法和以高硫石油流化焦为原料、KOH为主要活化剂制备活性炭,研究了碱焦比、乙醇或丙酮和氮气流保护等对活性炭性能的影响。实验在直立管式炉内进行,选用单因素实验,结合比表面积和孔隙表征、元素分析、工业分析及苯酚吸附值测定,对样品进行评价。结果表明:活性炭比表面积和总孔容积随碱焦比增加而增加;乙醇或丙酮配入能提高样品比表面积和孔隙特性及其苯酚吸附能力;采用无氮气流保护反应系统,能增加样品BET表面积和总孔容积,并降低硫氮含量。     

基于CA-Markov模型的海湾土地利用动态预测

以海南八门湾为例,利用GIS分析手段,基于Markov预测结果分析,从土地利用适宜性原则与生态保护的角度出发,提出调整后的土地利用约束条件,运用CA-Markov模型,对研究区域2020年土地利用变化趋势进行了预测和模拟。结果表明,防风林、天然林和红树林等天然植被和功能性植被的面积将有所增加;养殖水面、果园和水田等农业生产性用地将有所减少。表明按照可持续发展原则对土地利用进行控制,能够在不影响当前经济发展的前提下,实现社会经济与生态环境协调发展的目标。     

环保型PRD钻开液的性能研究

针对大位移井和水平井储层段存在携带钻屑及起下钻困难等问题,研制了一种井眼清洁能力强的环保型PRD钻开液。该钻开液主要处理剂是极易生物降解的天然高分子聚合物。PRD钻开液的BOD₅/COD_Cr为0.42;溶解氧(DO)衰减法评价结果表明,PF-VIS及PF-FLO两种天然高分子聚合物易生物降解;PRD钻开液生物毒性检验结果符合一级海区生物毒性允许值要求;LSRV(低剪切速率黏度)高达60 000 mPa·s,携带及悬浮钻屑能力很强,不会形成岩屑床,岩心渗透率恢复值在90%以上,对储层伤害很小。该钻开液用在我国渤海、东海、南海西部、南海东部及新疆等油田,油气产量有较大提高。     

环境工艺方法论研究——对称法

对称法是科学研究的基本方法。本文对对称法在环境工艺中的应用进行了研究,并讨论了其哲学意义。     

Optimization of gas detector placement considering scenario probability and detector reliability in oil refinery installation

Gas detection system is a critical layer of protection in process safety. Leak scenario probability and detector reliability are two key factors in the optimization of gas detector placement. However, they are easily neglected in previous studies, which may lead to an inaccurate evaluation of the optimization solutions. In this study, a stochastic programming (SP) optimization method is proposed considering these two factors. In order to quantitatively represent the probability of leak scenarios, a complete accident scenario set (CASS) is built combining leak sources and wind fields. Then, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method is adopted for consequence modeling of gas dispersion. The Markov model is developed to predict the detector reliability. With the objective of minimal cumulative detection time (MCDT), the SP formulation considering scenario probability and detector reliability (MCDT-SPR) is proposed. By introducing the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, the optimization formulations can be solved. A case study is investigated on a diesel hydrogenation refining unit. Results validate this approach is promising to improve the detection efficiency. This method is more practical and matching with the actual industrial environment, where the leak scenarios and the detector reliability can change dynamically in real process setting.     

Consequence prediction for dust explosions involving interconnected vessels using computational fluid dynamics modeling

Combustible dust explosions continue to present a significant threat toward operating personnel and pneumatic conveyance equipment in a wide variety of processing industries. Following ignition of suspended fuel within a primary enclosure volume, propagation of flame and pressure fronts toward upstream or downstream interconnected enclosures can result in devastating secondary explosions if not impeded through an appropriate isolation mechanism. In such occurrences, an accelerated flame front may result in flame jet ignition within the secondary vessel, greatly increasing the overall explosion severity. Unlike an isolated deflagration event with quantifiable reduced pressures (vent sizing according to NFPA 68 guidance), oscillation of pressure between primary and secondary process vessels leads to uncertain overpressure effects. Dependent on details of the application such as relative enclosure volumes, relief area, fuel type, suspended concentration, duct size, and duct length, the maximum system pressure in both interconnected vessels can be unpredictable. This study proposes the use of FLame ACceleration Simulator (FLACS) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling to provide reliable consequence predictions for specific case scenarios of dust deflagrations involving interconnected equipment. Required minimum supplement to the originally calculated relief area (A_v) was determined through iterative simulation, allowing for reduced explosion pressures (P_red) to be maintained below theoretical enclosure design strengths (P_es).     

初始氧化温度对浸水长焰煤二次氧化特性的影响机制

为揭示不同初始氧化温度下浸水长焰煤的氧化自燃特性,利用红外光谱和热分析实验手段以及MS数值模拟方法研究其氧化自燃规律,并采用线性拟合的方法阐述自由基变化特性。结合分子键能的变化,分析浸水条件下二次氧化的煤氧链式反应过程。研究结果表明:经过120 ℃预氧化后,浸水风干长焰煤的还原性官能团甲基、亚甲基、羟基均高于原煤,而羰基、羧基低于原煤;与原煤相比,浸水风干后的煤预氧化温度在120 ℃时最大升温速率最高（0.036 9 ℃/s）,表现出更强的自燃倾向性;MS模拟优化得出煤中各官能团在预氧化120 ℃时键能变化较大,结合热分析实验,确立预氧化后浸水风干煤体氧化自燃特性机制。     

Hazard analysis on LPG fireball of road tanker BLEVE based on CFD simulation

In order to research the hydrocarbon fireball characteristic of LPG tanker Boiled Liquid Evaporate Vapor Explosion (BLEVE) under different conditions, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of the hydrocarbon fireballs from the LPG tanker BLEVE accidents were carried out. Several new different factors, such as the mass of fuel, inlet velocity and airflow velocity, were considered to analyze the influence on the evolution of the characteristics of the fireball and the development of the LPG tanker BLEVE accidents. Results indicate that the fireball with a greater mass of fuel radiates more heat but slower. The large longitudinal diameter of the fireball and high radiation heat flux are observed in case of a faster inlet velocity used for the same mass. The airflow was found to shorten the initial phase of the fireball effectively. Some suggestions were proposed to prevent the LPG BLEVE accidents. Analysis performed show that various parameters like fireball diameter, radiative heat flux and lifting speed of fireball can be predicted well using FDS code.