数值模拟技术在二沉池设计中的应用

二沉池的运行状况对整个污水处理系统的处理效果有重要影响。沉淀池的处理效果与沉淀池内水流特性密切相关。传统的沉淀池设计基于理想沉淀池假设和静置沉淀实验,对沉淀池内的水流特性考虑不多,设计参数选择范围宽,经验性强,不能保证沉淀池内的泥水分离和浓缩效果。计算流体力学是一种较为成熟的数值模拟技术,已广泛应用于水处理构筑物在设计条件下的内部水流特性和行为的研究,为预测沉淀池的运行状况和结构改进的效果提供了有效手段。本文对沉淀池内的水流特性和流体力学在沉淀池研究中的应用进行了描述。     

基于损伤-断裂力学理论的起重机疲劳寿命估算方法

鉴于断裂力学无法估算裂纹形成寿命及难以确定其初始裂纹尺寸,提出将损伤力学与断裂力学相结合共同估算起重机疲劳寿命的思想。针对Paris公式应用的局限性,提出将裂纹扩展率与应力强度因子幅对数线性阶段的某一裂纹尺寸作为裂纹形成寿命和裂纹扩展寿命的分界点。用损伤力学估算疲劳裂纹的形成寿命,用断裂力学估算疲劳裂纹的扩展寿命,两者寿命之和构成起重机的疲劳全寿命。这样做既能避免断裂力学寿命估算中确定初始裂纹尺寸的混乱现象;又能确保Paris公式应用在裂纹扩展率与应力强度因子幅的对数线性阶段。试验验证结果表明,估算疲劳全寿命和试验寿命基本吻合。     

抗高温环保钻井液体系研究

文章选择清洁环保的钻井液处理剂进行抗高温钻井液体系实验研究与评价,对包被增粘剂、降失水剂等进行优选,对抗高温环保钻井液配方进行评价,研究出无毒、无害,抗温能力强、流变性好,失水较低的钻井液体系,现场应用满足高温深井的钻井生产要求。     

污泥处置技术的选取判定原则

根据生态学的基本原理,结合我国国情,推导出污泥处置技术的选取和判定原则:一致性匹配原则、能级稳定原则及资源循环最短原则;并用这些原则对现有污泥处置技术进行了评判。     

The characterization of heat transfer fluid P-NF aerosol combustion: Ignitable region and flame development

Heat transfer fluids tend to form aerosols due to the operating conditions at high pressure when accidental leaking occurs in pipelines or storage vessels, which may cause serious fires and explosions. Due to the physical property complexity of aerosols, it is difficult to define a standard term of “flammability limits” as is possible for gases. The study discussed in this paper primarily focuses on the characterization of ignition conditions and flame development of heat transfer fluid aerosols. The flammable region of a widely-used commercial heat transfer fluid, Paratherm NF (P-NF), was analyzed by electro-spray generation with a laser diffraction particle analysis method. The aerosol ignition behavior depends on the droplet size and concentration of the aerosol. From the adjustment of differently applied electro-spray voltages (7–10 kV) and various liquid feeding rates, a flammable condition distribution was obtained by comparison of droplet size and concentration. An appropriate amount (0.3–1.2 ppm) of smaller droplets (80–110 μm) existing in a given space could result in successful flame formation, while larger droplets (up to 190 μm) have a relatively narrowed range of flammable conditions (0.7–0.9 ppm). It is possible to generate a more useful reference for industry and lab scale consideration when handling liquids. This paper provides initial flammability criteria for analyzing P-NF aerosol fire hazards in terms of droplet size and volumetric concentration, discusses the observation of aerosol combustion processes, and summarizes an ignition delay phenomenon. All of the fundamental study results are to be applied to practical cases with fire hazards analysis, pressurized liquid handling, and mitigation system design once there is a better understanding of aerosols formed by high-flash point materials.     

我国环境法确立风险预防原则的思考

环境风险预防原则是应对环境风险日益凸显的重要原则。通过对环境风险预防原则的分析,发现环境风险预防原则在我国确立中还存在着对其研究程度不够、混同于"预防为主,防治结合"原则以及仍惯于事后执法的传统思维等问题。面对挑战,应多措并举推进环境风险预防原则建设,例如确立环境风险预防原则作为环境法基本原则,转变举证责任主体的机制、建立信息公开等与风险预防原则相关的法律制度,拟采过错责任为风险预防的归责原则,从而预防和遏制环境风险的产生与扩散。     

Eleventh week amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis of some metabolic diseases

We report the results of 23 prenatal diagnoses performed at the 11th or 12th week of gestation by the simultaneous analysis of chorionic villi (for direct or indirect enzymatic analysis) and cell-free amniotic fluid (for search of accumulated catabolites). For six cases of citrullinaemia, four cases of argininosuccinic aciduria, seven cases of propionic acidaemia, and six cases of methylrnalonic acidaemia, three discrepancies were observed between the two methods used. The amniotic fluid analysis for accumulated catabolites seems to be a safe method and should always be used in conjunction with the enzymatic assays performed for the prenatal diagnosis of these diseases.     

Variables influencing growth and morphology of colonies of cells from human amniotic fluid

Growth of cells from amniotic fluid was studied with respect to cell concentration in the inoculum, blood contamination of the fluid, fluid colour, fluid clarity, gestational age of the pregnancy, and growth factors. Dependent variables measured were colony formation, colony size, and colony morphology after 7, 11, and 14 days of culture. The following conclusions were established from these studies: small sample volumes are the most efficient for producing colonies; cells from very bloody or dark brown fluids have a slower rate of growth; growth of cells from cloudy (noncontaminated) fluids is better than growth of cells from clear fluids; the proportion of colonies that are epithelioid varies with gestational age; the stimulating effect of 100 ng/ml fibroblast growth factor on cells from amniotic fluid was confirmed.     

21世纪中国城市化方式转变与对策研究

21世纪之初 ,中国的城市化发展正面临一些新形势 ,必须重新定位城市化战略。本文指出加快城市化步伐 ,重视发展大城市 ,促进城市群的形成与发展 ,有重点地发展小城市 ,是未来中国城市化战略的正确选择