废弃钻井液作为沙漠改良剂的应用研究

油气田开发产生的废弃钻井液具有富含水、有机质和黏粒的特点,是改良沙漠土壤的有用成分,可用来提高沙漠土壤团粒和黏粒数量,提高土壤肥力。探讨了一种既能实现在沙漠、半沙漠草地环境下对废弃钻井液实现环境友好处理,又能提高沙漠土壤保水、保肥和增肥能力的沙漠改良技术。     

钻井废弃液中石油污染物及细菌生态多样性

采用GC/MS分析方法,发现平湖油田钻井废弃液中含有烃类、酸类和酯类等23种有机污染物质,含量达到49 800 mg/L。运用16S rRNA基因分析法测得的微生物生态多样性表明,废弃液中微生物种类丰富,包括γ和β变形杆菌,γ-Proteobacteria是优势菌群,占克隆总数78.6%。Oceanospirillales、Pseudomonadales和Enterobacteriales是γ-Proteobacteria纲的主要菌群。     

印刷线路板的超临界流体分离实验

目前印刷线路板(Printed Circuit Board, PCB)的资源化循环利用方法存在材料回收率低和环境污染的不足,采用一种新的超临界流体技术对PCB中的金属及其它成分进行分离处理,在采用丙酮、CO2及Lewis-酸的混合介质及优化的温度和压力反应条件下,获得了90%的金属回收率,高于目前的机械破碎分选实验结果.该方法为线路板的资源化循环再利用提供了一个新的有效选择.     

大坝下游河段的河流生态径流调控研究

了分析大坝工程对河流径流情势的影响,以三峡大坝下游河段的宜昌站为例,计算了三峡坝下河段的生态水文季节、生态需水和其它径流情势特征参数。计算结果表明,长江宜昌江段枯水期为1~3月份、副汛期为4~6月份和10~12月份,而洪水期为7~9月份;枯水期、副汛期和洪水期的最小生态需量占同期来水总量分别为24%~27%、30%~50%和30%~45%;适宜的生态需水在枯水期、主汛期分别占同时期来水总量为30%~42%、50%~70%;四大家鱼和中华鲟产卵、繁殖期内的适宜生态流量范围分别为 6 540~12 700 m3/s 和 16 300~9 130 m3/s,大约占同时期来水总量的50%~70%;涨水次数平均值分别为5.3和3.4,落水次数平均值分别为50和5.1等,这为三峡水库在四大家鱼和中华鲟产卵、繁殖期内的调度提供了保护的依据。〖     

计算流体动力学在模拟气升式环流反应器中的研究进展

计算流体动力学(CFD)是对气升式环流反应器进行数值模拟的重要手段.为此,本文综述了CFD模拟概况及气升环流反应器中流体数值模拟研究进展,总结了目前CFD模拟气升环流反应器存在的问题,并提出了进一步的研究方向.     

多晶硅切割液废液的回收与利用

结合工程实际,介绍了太阳能产业用多晶硅片切割过程中产生的割液废液的处理工艺及回收工艺,并分析了它的投资成本和经济效益。     

Development of a coupled reservoir operation and water diversion model: Balancing human and environmental flow requirements

Maintaining a natural flow regime helps preserve the health of riverine ecosystems. Conventional studies on reservoir operations have focused mainly on identifying optimal operational schemes for satisfying human water demands. To systematically reflect the ecological effects of both natural and human-induced hydrologic alterations, water diversions downstream of the reservoirs should be considered as well. This research focused on a coupled reservoir operation and water diversion (CROWD) model, created through the integration of a reservoir operation model and a water diversion model. The proposed model considers both human and environmental flow requirements, and represents a compromise that balances ecological protection (preservation of the natural flow regime of a river) and human needs (reduced water shortages). In the reservoir operation model, the reservoir space is divided into three zones and different operating rules are developed for directing reservoir operation when water levels are in different zones; in the water diversion model, different water users are assigned different supply priorities with the instream flows no more than the minimum environmental flows having the highest priority; and the two models are coupled by the water mass balance between the two hydraulic facilities. The non-dominated-sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) was used to determine the parameters of the developed CROWD model and the model was applied to support the joint operational management of the Tanghe Reservoir and the Liaoyang Diversion in the Tang river basin, China. The resulting reservoir operation and water diversion schemes indicate that the CROWD model is useful for optimizing the operation of reservoirs and water diversion schemes. Moreover, it helps to analyze tradeoffs between human and environmental water needs, resulting in solutions that reduce the risk of water shortages and minimize ecological integrity disturbances.     

Simulating a natural fire regime on an Atlantic coast barrier island complex in Florida, USA

The HFire fire regime model was used to simulate the natural fire regime (prior to European settlement) on Kennedy Space Center, Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge, Canaveral National Seashore, and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida. Model simulations were run for 500 years and the model was parameterized using information generated from previously published empirical studies on these properties (e.g., lightning fire ignition frequencies and ignition seasonality). A mosaic pattern of frequent small fires dominated this fire regime with rare but extremely large fires occurring during dry La Niña periods. This simulated fire size distribution very closely matched the previously published fire size distribution for lightning ignitions on these properties. A sensitivity analysis was performed to establish which parameters were most influential and the range of variation surrounding empirically parameterized model output. Dead fuel moisture and wind speed had the largest influence on model outcome. A wide range of variance was observed surrounding the composite simulation with the least being 6% in total burn frequency and the greatest being 49% in total area burned. Because simulation modeling is the best option for fire regime reconstruction in many rapidly growing shrub dominated systems, these results will be of interest to scientists and fire managers for delineating the natural fire regime on these properties, the southeastern United States and other fire adapted shrub systems worldwide.     

华南滨海小流域降雨入渗对地下水的补给分析

以华南滨海小流域——中山大学滨海水循环试验基地(试验基地)作为研究区,在对该流域地下水和雨水分别进行采样、实验分析的基础上,利用氯量平衡法(CMB)与地下水动态法计算了该流域的降雨入渗补给系数与给水度。研究发现,试验基地地下水主要受降雨补给,地下水埋深在雨季(4—9月)、旱季(10—3月)的变动范围大致为0～1.5 m与0～0.5 m。根据CMB计算结果,补给区、中间区雨季降雨入渗补给系数分别为旱季的1.3～1.6倍和1.3～2.0倍,且补给区大于中间区(M5井除外)。利用地下水动态法计算次降雨入渗补给系数,所得雨季、旱季的均值(7.6%和4.6%)与CMB计算结果(7.7%和5.3%)较为接近。给水度、雨强与入渗补给系数均存在一定的线性关系。将地下水埋深分别与降雨入渗补给量及潜水蒸发量进行多项式拟合对比,发现降雨入渗对地下水的最大入渗补给埋深约为2.3 m,当埋深为3.1 m时,地下水可获得最大净补给量。     

长期不同施肥方式对江南稻田系统生产力与抗逆性的影响

依据29 a的田间施肥小区试验和4 a的养分耗竭盆栽试验,比较分析了不同施肥方式对江南丘陵稻田生产力及抗逆性的综合影响。结果表明,有机无机肥配施(NPK+OM处理)方式下,双季稻各季和周年生产力最高,其周年平均生物量和籽粒产量比化肥氮磷钾配施(NPK处理)高24.5%和20.2%。与单施氮肥相比,化肥氮磷钾配施显著提高了双季稻的氮素利用效率,而适量增施有机氮能够进一步提高氮素利用效率。化肥单施方式(N和NPK处理)下水稻周年籽粒产量呈递减趋势,下降幅度分别为43.7和1.8 kg.hm-2.a-1,而有机无机肥配施方式下水稻周年籽粒产量呈递增趋势,上升幅度为6.9 kg.hm-2.a-1。平衡施肥方式(NPK和NPK+OM处理)下,水稻各季及周年籽粒产量的年际变异较小,可持续性产量指数和系统生产力稳定性较高。养分耗竭试验4 a后,各处理水稻各季及周年生物量和籽粒产量高低基本表现为NPK+OM>NPK>N,试验期内周年籽粒平均产量以有机无机肥配施处理最高,说明有机无机肥配施的稻田土壤耐瘠能力高于其他施肥处理。可见,有机无机肥配施不仅能使稻田系统持续保持较高的生产力,而且能够提升系统的抗逆性,有利于江南丘陵稻田系...