渭河关中段水文情势改变程度分析

利用林家村、魏家堡、咸阳、临潼和华县5个水文站资料,借助有序聚类分析法检测渭河流域关中段流量突变点,并在此基础上采用变化范围法(RVA)分析渭河流域关中段的水文情势改变程度,定量评价变化程度较高的水文参数。突变点分析表明,渭河关中段径流在1986年发生突变,可以认为1958-1985年水文情势受人类活动影响较小,近似天然状态。对1986年前后两个时期的水文情势进行对比分析,结果表明,5个水文站中不同的水文参数改变程度不同。总体来看,5个站点的水文情势均发生较为显著的改变,其中林家村、魏家堡和咸阳3个站点差异最显著,主要是受宝鸡峡引渭工程的影响。通过对人类活动影响前后水文情势对比分析,更加深入了解目前渭河水文情势状况,为进一步计算生态基流提供科学依据。     

矿用润湿型压裂液的制备与性能分析*

为有效减少煤矿开采时粉尘的生成量,降低综采区粉尘含量。基于自由基聚合和季铵化反应制备1种润湿型压裂液。通过单因素实验,确定最优配比是200 mL水,5 g油酸,0.3 g过硫酸钾,3 g N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺,2 mL环氧氯丙烷,2 g氯化钾和2 g水杨酸钠。对压裂液的反应过程、微观结构、剪切黏度、剪切稳定性、滤失性、润湿型性和清洁性进行研究。研究结果表明:该压裂液具有较高的剪切黏度和较佳的剪切稳定性,有利于注入煤层;具有较低的滤失性,便于压裂造缝;具有良好的润湿能力,能够有效地渗透到煤层中去;具有残渣含量少等特点,清洁性良好。     

废催化裂化催化剂的危险性及污染特征

为考察我国废催化裂化(FCC)催化剂的危险性及污染特征,以国内典型FCC装置的废催化剂为研究对象,分析其易燃性、反应性、腐蚀性、浸出毒性、毒性物质含量及急性毒性。研究发现:废FCC催化剂无易燃性、反应性、腐蚀性、急性毒性危险;未检测出具有致癌致突变性的有机污染物;废FCC催化剂的特征污染物为Ni及其化合物,Ni的浸出浓度低于国家标准限值,Ni的存在形态为Ni Al2O4尖晶石,而非具有致癌性的Ni O形态。     

Predicting Periphyton Cover Frequency Distributions across New Zealand's Rivers

Regression models of mean and mean annual maximum (MAM) cover were derived for two categories of periphyton cover (filaments and mats) using 22 years of monthly monitoring data from 78 river sites across New Zealand. Explanatory variables were derived from observations of water quality variables, hydrology, shade, bed sediment grain size, temperature, and solar radiation. The root mean square errors of these models were large (75‐95% of the mean of the estimated values). The at‐site frequency distributions of periphyton cover were approximated by the exponential distribution, which has the mean cover as its single parameter. Independent predictions of cover distributions at all sites were calculated using the mean predicted by the regression model and the theoretical exponential distribution. The probability that cover exceeds specified thresholds and estimates of MAM cover, based on the predicted distributions, had large uncertainties (~80‐100%) at the site scale. However, predictions aggregated by classes of an environmental classification accurately predicted the proportion of sites for which cover exceeded nominated criteria in the classes. The models are useful for assessing broad‐scale patterns in periphyton cover and for estimating changes in cover with changes in nutrients, hydrological regime, and light.     

粤闽地区地下流体从属函数异常与地震关系的初步研究

利用从属函数法提取粤闽地区地下流体的地震前兆异常 ,并对异常做 0 1化处理 ,绘制了异常频次叠加图。结果表明 ,从 1989 0 1～ 2 0 0 3 0 9,9项流体资料共出现 2 9次从属函数异常 ,其中 2 3次异常对应了粤闽两省 5级左右地震或台湾地区 6级以上强震 ,虚报 6次。 9项资料的从属函数异常频次叠加值具有成丛性的特点 ,可大致划分为5组 ,每组异常持续时间的长短与震级具有一定的相关性 ,可由此拟定地震强度的预测标志。     

Development of an integrated decision-support model for density management within jack pine stand-types

The objectives of this study were to (1) develop a modular-based structural stand density management model (SSDMM) and corresponding algorithmic analogue for natural (naturally regenerated stands without a history of density regulation) and managed (naturally or artificially regenerated stands with a history of density regulation) jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) stand-types, and (2) demonstrate the utility of the model in operational density management decision-making. Employing an Ontario-centric database consisting of 262 and 221 tree-list measurements obtained from 91 and 139 permanent and temporary sample plots situated within natural and managed stand-types, respectively, combined with data derived from density control experiments and sawmill simulation studies, six integrated estimation modules were constructed: Module A consisted of the parameterization of the core yield–density relationships which together drive the entire yield prediction system (e.g., size–density relationships for quadratic mean diameter, dominant height, mean volume, and mean live crown ratio, and site-specific height–age relationships); Module B consisted of the development of Weibull-based parameter prediction equation systems for recovering diameter distributions and composite height-diameter equations for height estimation; Module C consisted of the development of composite taper equations for predicting log products and stem volumes; Module D consisted of the development of allometric-based composite biomass equations for each above-ground component (bark, stem, branch and foliage) from which biomass estimates and associated carbon-based equivalents were derived; Module E consisted of the development of sawmill-specific composite equations for estimating chip and lumber volumes; and Module F consisted of the development of composite equations for estimating wood density and mean maximum branch diameter. The utility of the model was demonstrated by simultaneously contrasting a set of complex density management regimes (commercial thinning and variable planting densities) in terms of a broad array of stand-level yield outcomes and performance measures: overall productivity, log-product distributions, biomass production and carbon yields, recoverable products (chip and lumber volumes) and associated monetary values, economic efficiency, duration of optimal site occupancy, structural stability, and fibre attributes (wood density and mean maximum branch diameter). In summary, the modular-based SSDMM provides the analytical foundation for evaluating the likelihood of realizing a multitude of stand-level objectives when designing density control regimes for jack pine stand-types.     

煤层钻孔失稳机理研究进展

高瓦斯松软煤层、软硬复合煤层和突出煤层深孔钻进是公认的世界性难题,已成为制约部分高瓦斯和突出矿井瓦斯治理效果的瓶颈。尽管众多研究者在钻孔施工装备及工艺的改进方面开展了大量卓有成效的工作,但因煤层钻孔失稳机理尚未完全揭示,钻孔成孔工艺缺乏理论支撑,上述难题至今仍未破解。从煤体结构判识及分类、含流体煤力学特性、失稳机理三方面入手,系统介绍了煤层钻孔失稳机理的研究进展,探讨了该领域亟待解决的问题;最后指出,含流体煤卸载过程中,煤层钻孔在流-固-应力耦合作用下的失稳破坏机制研究,是破解煤层深孔钻进难题的重点方向之一。     

超临界流体技术及其在环境保护中的应用

从超临界流体萃取、超临界水氧化、催化超临界水氧化和超临界流体色谱等四个方面介绍超临界流体技术在环境分析、环境污染治理中的应用和发展方向。     

A novel participatory and remote-sensing-based approach to mapping annual land use change on forest frontiers in Laos,Myanmar, and Madagascar

Tropical forests are under pressure from both commercial and smallholder agriculture. Forest frontiers are seeing dynamic land use changes that frequently lead to land system regime shifts, posing challenges for the sustainability of entire local social-ecological systems. Monitoring highly dynamic land use change and detecting land system regime shifts is methodologically challenging due to trade-offs between spatial and temporal data resolution. We propose an innovative approach that combines analysis of very-high-resolution satellite imagery with participatory mapping based on workshops and field walks. Applying it in Laos, Myanmar, and Madagascar, we were able to collect annual land use information over several decades. Unlike conventional land use change mapping approaches, which assess only few points in time, our approach provides information at a temporal resolution that enables detection of gradual and abrupt land system regime shifts.     

页岩气压裂返排液的分析与双效MVR处理

对西南地区某页岩气田压裂返排液进行了分析,在此基础上采用双效机械蒸汽再压缩(MVR)系统对其进行处理,建立了完整的计算模型,并对影响系统的主要参数进行了探讨。压裂返排液分析结果表明:蒸发浓缩液黏度与相同浓度氯化钠溶液的黏度相近,可排除因有机物富集导致其在蒸发器内壁附着而影响传热系数及堵塞蒸发器的可能。模型计算结果表明:进料含盐率由2%增至6%时,压缩机比功耗与压缩机进气量的降幅均小于4.0%,两效蒸发器面积分别减小约4.3%和18.5%;传热温差由4℃升至8℃时,压缩机比功耗增加约51.0%,两效蒸发器面积均减小约49.6%;在系统安全运行的前提下,提高蒸发温度可降低系统能耗。