吸附过程中流场分布对液膜扩散传质影响模型的研究

在总结流场条件影响吸附传质过程的同时,提出了流场分布影响液膜扩散传质的物理模型,指出不同的流场分布,液膜厚度变化不同,传质阻力也就不同,从而导致传质效果的不同. 通过对传质方程中流速的物理意义进行重新定义,同时引入流场效应系数(Z),对传统的液膜扩散控制传质模型进行了修正,使模型中参数的物理意义更明确,并用13X沸石对Ca2＋的吸附实验验证了该模型的合理性. 结果表明,13X沸石对Ca2＋的吸附传质效率与搅拌转速和叶片大小成正比,即与流场分布密切相关,其中流场分布比较规则的二次流场吸附传质效率最高;此外初始ρ(Ca2＋)越高,传质越快,吸附效果越好,但流场分布影响越小,归结原因是此时传质动力的影响占据主导作用,超过了液膜阻力的影响,进而掩盖了流场分布对传质的影响.      

汞蒸气在参差建筑街区中沉积过程模拟

利用计算流体动力学方法,分别选用参差比为0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6和0.8等5种建筑模型,探讨了在水平自然风条件下重密度污染源(汞)在不同参差比建筑物间的沉积过程,以及街区内行人层汞浓度与建筑参差比之间的关系.模拟结果发现,城市街区建筑物高低错落分布的布局会促进高空汞污染源在行人层的聚集,使得街区行人层汞浓度明显增大;并且随着街区建筑物参差比的增大,最高汞浓度值所在的街道有序地靠近来流上游,而较高建筑物背风面街道行人层汞质量流量明显高于较矮建筑物背风面街道行人层汞质量流量.     

三峡水库初期蓄水对消落带植被及物种多样性的影响

通过对173 m蓄水后三峡水库消落带内植物群落的调查,运用CCA法对消落带植物群落进行排序,研究了消落带植物群落特征和物种多样性格局,分析了消落带植被的变化及其环境解释。结果表明:三峡库区消落带共记录58科175种植物。狗尾草、马唐、小蓬草、狼杷草、稗、酸模叶蓼、苍耳、双穗雀稗、狗牙根等为优势种。一年生植物为消落带优势生活型。共记录54个群落类型,其中灌丛群落5个,草本植物群落49个。CCA排序表明,三峡水库消落带植物主要分布在坡度平缓、底质较细、高程较高的消落带上部区域。在消落带内,物种多样性和一年生植物比例随高程上升而增加。消落带植物组成特征和物种多样性格局与水淹干扰强度在空间上的变化一致。长期的冬季水淹、剧烈的水位变动以及退水季节的高温伏旱等环境因素是影响消落带植被组成的重要因素。     

流化床三维电极电催化氧化深度处理焦化废水

研究了以焦粒为粒子电极的流化床三维电极反应器对二级生化处理后的焦化废水进行深度处理。结果表明：采用以焦粒为粒子电极的流化床三维电极反应器能有效降解废水中的有机物,COD去除率依赖于粒子投加量、电流密度、电导率、pH值、曝气量等操作参数的影响。在电导率（以S计）为7.1 m.cm-1,曝气量为160 L.h-1,电流密度（以A计）为48 m.cm-2,pH值为5.0,投加量30 g.L-1时,电解30 min,COD的去除率超过60%,表明流化床三维电极反应器在焦化废水深度处理中有很好工程应用前景。     

Effects of river-flow regulation on anuran occupancy and abundance in riparian zones

The natural flow regimes of rivers worldwide have been heavily altered through anthropogenic activities, and dams in particular have a pervasive effect on riverine ecosystems. Flow-regulation effects of dams negatively affect species diversity and abundance of a variety of aquatic animals, including invertebrates and fishes. However, the effects on semiaquatic animals are relatively unknown. We conducted anuran calling surveys at 42 study locations along the Broad and Pacolet Rivers in South Carolina to address the potential effects of flow regulation by damming on anuran occupancy and abundance. We estimated occupancy and abundance with Program PRESENCE. Models incorporated distance upstream and downstream from the nearest dam as covariates and urbanization pressure as an alternative stressor. Distance from dam was associated with occupancy of 2 of the 9 anuran species in our analyses and with abundance of 6 species. In all cases, distance downstream from nearest dam was a better predictor of occupancy and abundance than distance upstream from nearest dam. For all but one species, distance downstream from nearest dam was positively correlated with both occupancy and abundance. Reduced occupancy and abundance of anurans likely resulted from downstream alterations in flow regime associated with damming, which can lead to reduced area of riparian wetlands that serve as anuran breeding habitat. Our results showed that damming has a strong negative effect on multiple anuran species across large spatial extents and suggest that flow regulation can affect semiaquatic animals occupying riparian zones.     

微乳法制备W/O型Fe3O4磁流体及其清除水面浮油模拟研究

应用复合乳化剂和助表面活性剂制备出稳定的油包水(W／O)型微乳液,利用拟三元相图和体系电导随组成的变化,探明了一定条件下形成W／O型微乳液的最佳体系,进而利用W／O型微乳液作为“微反应器”合成Fe2O4磁流体,应用TEM对制备的磁流体进行了表征．初步模拟了用磁流体清除水面浮油的实验,获得令人满意的结果。     

基于气候调节的城市通风道探析

近年来,夏季炎热的气候和愈来愈强的热岛效应使城市饱受因挠,而城市设计策略中缺乏有效的生态规划方法来解决目前存在的问题,城市对炎热气候的适应性不足。论文在利用CFD(计算流体动力学)技术进行实例模拟分析的基础上,重点介绍了一种在城市尺度进行节能设计的新方法:在城市中建立多种形式的通风道,提高城市的通风和排热能力,以达到利用自然资源和有效的规划方式降低夏季城市“热岛”温度、节约能源的目的。文中详细论述了通风道的可行性和必要性、营建方式、注意原则等问题,并进行了一系列的计算机风场模拟研究。     

Application of surrogate methods for assessing the bioavailability of PAHs in sediments to a sediment ingesting bivalve

The usefulness of two surrogate methods for rapidly determining the bioavailability of PAHs in hydrocarbon-contaminated marine sediments was assessed. Comparisons are made between the PAHs accumulated by the benthic bivalve, Tellina deltoidalis, and the extractable-PAHs determined using a 6-h XAD-2 resin desorption method and a 4-h gut fluid mimic (GFM) extraction method. There were significant positive relationships between PAH bioaccumulation by the bivalves and sediment PAH concentrations. These relationships were not improved by normalising the sediment PAH concentrations to the organic carbon concentration. The average percentage lipid content of the bivalves was 1.47 ± 0.22% and BSAFs for total-PAHs ranged from 0.06 to 0.80 (kg OC/kg lipid). The XAD-2 and GFM methods both extracted varying amounts of PAHs from the sediments. Low concentrations of PAHs were extracted by the GFM method (0.2–3.6% of total-PAHs in sediments) and the GFM results were inadequate for generalising about the bioavailability of the PAHs in the sediments. The XAD-2 method extracted greater amounts of PAHs (3–34% of total-PAHs in sediments), however, the total-PAH concentrations in the sediments provided a better, or equally good, prediction of PAH bioaccumulation by T. deltoidalis. The results indicated that these methods required further development before they can be applied routinely as surrogate methods for assessing the bioavailability of PAHs in sediments. Future research should be directed towards lowering detection limits and obtaining comparative data for a greater range of sediment types, contaminant classes and concentrations, and organisms of different feeding guilds and with different gut chemistry.     

超临界流体技术在环境保护与治理中的应用

本文介绍了超临界流体的特性，对超临界流体技术（超临界流体清洁生产、超临界流体萃取、超临界流体色谱及超临界水氧化等）在环境保护与环境治理中的应用进行了综述。