苯胺对间歇及连续运行硝化过程的毒性抑制试验

以经过驯化的苯胺降解菌和硝化菌作为菌源,在悬浮污泥间歇反应器中及三相流化床反应器中分别考察了间歇及连续进水2种工艺条件下苯胺对硝化过程的毒性抑制作用.结果表明,苯胺对悬浮污泥间歇反应器中的硝化菌有较强的抑制作用,仅当苯胺浓度低于3 mg/L时,硝化菌的活性才能逐渐恢复,且恢复的时间随着苯胺的初始浓度的增高而延长.实验结果还显示,适宜的水力停留时间(HRT)是保证三相流化床中苯胺成功降解及硝化脱氮的关键工艺条件.当进水苯胺浓度为200 mg/L,HRT为10 h时,反应液中苯胺浓度为6.58 mg/L,硝化率可达84.95%,由此表明膜硝化反应器抵抗苯胺毒性抑制的能力强于悬浮污泥硝化反应器,在工业上采用三相流化床膜硝化反应器对含毒性有机物的废水进行硝化脱氮处理是有实际应用价值的.     

Startup and operation of anaerobic EGSB reactor treating palm oil mill effluent

A bench-scale expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor was applied to the treatment of palm oil mill ettluent (POME).The reactor had been operated continuously at 35℃ for 514 d,with organic loading rate (OLR) increased from 1.45 to 17.5 kg COD/(m3·d).The results showed that the EGSB reactor had good performance in terms of COD removal on the one hand,high COD removal of 91% Was obtained at two days’ of hydraulic retention time (HRT),and the highest OLR of 17.5 kg COD/(m3·d).On the other hand,only 46% COD in raw POME Was transformed into biogas in which the methane content was about 70% (v/v).A 30-d intermittent experiment indicated that the maximum transformation potential of organic matter in raw POME into methane Was 56%.Volatile fatty acid (VFA) accumulation was observed in the later operation stage,and this Was settled by supplementing trace metal elements.On the whole,the system exhibited good stability in terms of acidity and alkalinity.Finally, the operational problems inherent in the laboratory scale experiment and the corresponding countermeasures were also discussed.     

Biosorption characteristics of unicellular green alga Chlorella sorokiniana immobilized in loofa sponge for removal of Cr(Ⅲ)

Loofa sponge (LS) immobilized biomass of Chlorella sorokiniana (LSIBCS), isolated from industrial wastewater, was investigated as a new biosorbent for the removal of Cr(Ⅲ) from aqueous solution. A comparison of the biosorption of Cr(Ⅲ) by LSIBCS and free biomass of C. sorokiniana (FBCS) from 10-300 mg Cr(Ⅲ)/L aqueous solutions showed an increase in uptake of 17.79% when the microalgal biomass was immobilized onto loofa sponge. Maximum biosorption capacity for LSIBCS and FBCS was found to be 69.26 and 58.80 mg Cr(Ⅲ)/g biosorbent, respectively, whereas the amount of Cr(Ⅲ) ions adsorbed onto naked LS was 4.97 mg/g. The kinetics of Cr(Ⅲ) biosorption was extremely rapid and equilibrium was established in about 15 and 20 min by LSIBCS and FBCS,respectively. The biosorption equilibrium was well defined by Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The biosorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The biosorption was found to be pH dependent and the maximum sorption occurred at the solution pH 4.0. Desorption studies showed that 98% of the adsorbed Cr(Ⅲ) could be desorbed with 0.1 mol/L HNO3, while other desorbing agents were less effective in the order: EDTA ＞ H2SO4 ＞ CH3COOH ＞ HCl. The regenerated LSIBCS retained 92.68% of the initial Cr(Ⅲ) binding capacity up to five cycles of reuse in continuous flow-fixed bed columns. The study revealed that LSIBCS could be used as an effective biosorbent for the removal of Cr(Ⅲ) from wastewater.     

污水处理厂臭气的生物滤床处理

恶臭作为世界七大环境公害之一,对人体健康和生态环境会造成严重危害。在污水的输送和处理过程中,以及对所产生的污泥进行处理的过程中,都会有臭味气体散发。如果不施行有效地控制,则对周围空气环境产生污染,影响污水处理厂的正常运行。这里仅对城市污水处理厂和居民生活小区恶臭处理工艺在国内应用现状及局限性进行了介绍和分析,尤其是选择生物滤床这种优化的土壤处理工艺,它利用土壤基质的过滤、吸附、吸收、物理和化学反应、生物降解等功能净化臭气,同时表面种植的植物亦有一定的净化功能,因此,具有经济、美观、管理方便、运行稳定、处理效果好等优点。     

Effects of temperature on pyrolysis products of oil sludge

Temperature is the determining factor of pyrolysis, which is one of the alternative technologies for oil sludge treatment. The effects of final operating temperature ranging from 350 to 550°C on pyrolysis products of oil sludge were studied in an externally-heating fixed bed reactor. With an increase of temperature, the mass fraction of solid residues, liquids, and gases in the final product is 67.00%–56.00%, 25.60%–32.35%, and 7.40%–11.65%, and their corresponding heat values are 34.4–13.8 MJ/kg, 44.41–46.6 MJ/kg, and 23.94–48.23 MJ/Nm³, respectively. The mass and energy tend to shift from solid to liquid and gas phase (especially to liquid phase) during the process, and the optimum temperature for oil sludge pyrolysis is 500°C. The liquid phase is mainly composed of alkane and alkene (C₅–C₂₉), and the gas phase is dominantly HC_S and H₂.     

刈割对生态浮床植物黑麦草光合作用及其对氮磷等净化效果的影响

以多花黑麦草为试材,通过水培实验方法,研究刈割强度对黑麦草生长、光合作用以及对污染水体氮、磷等去除效果的影响.结果表明,①刈割显著促进黑麦草新芽再生能力,刈割后5～13 d,C2（留茬2 cm）实验组新芽再生速率达2.78 cm·d^-1,远高于不刈割组（0.88 cm·d^-1）;刈割组株高、现存生物量以及生产量均大于不刈割组,且随刈割强度的增加,植物补偿指数显著变化,其中重度刈割（留茬高度≤5 cm）试验组新芽高度以及累积生物量分别为40.6～44.0 cm、31.6～37.2 g,均表现为超补偿作用,表明重度刈割有利于黑麦草生物量的累积;②刈割对黑麦草叶片叶绿素组成具有一定影响,其中C2组叶绿素a、叶绿素a/b 最大,为1.85 mg·g^-1、 3.18, C1（不刈割）组最小,为C2组的89.29%、90.13%;③刈割对黑麦草叶片叶绿素荧光参数有显著影响,随刈割强度的增加,PSⅡ的实际光能转化效率（ФPSⅡ）以及PSⅡ的非循环电子传递速率（ETR）均有所升高,其中C2组ФPSⅡ、ETR分别为C1组的1.13、1.09倍,表明刈割显著提高了叶片对光能的转化,使植物光合作用能力提高;④刈割显著提高了黑麦草系统对氮、磷等的去除效果,且刈割强度越大,浮床系统对TN、NH⁺₄-N、TP、COD的去除率越好,其中C2组对TN、NH⁺₄-N、TP、COD的去除率比C1组高1.07、1.20、1.05、1.44倍,远高于无植物系统的去除率;⑤留茬2～5 cm为黑麦草刈割最佳高度,此结论可为浮床植物科学管理提供重要依据.     

A/O＋硅藻强化新工艺在中小型城镇污水处理中的应用总结

采用A/O＋硅藻精土强化工艺水处理技术对城市生活污水进行处理,工程运行结果表明,处理后的废水能够稳定达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（18918-2002）一级A标准。与其它生物处理工艺相比,有其独特的优点。该工艺已成功地应用于永城市污水处理中心,并获得2008年国家重点环境保护实用技术示范工程。而生物浮动床（MBBR工艺）＋硅藻精土强化工艺是在此基础上的改进,并已成功地应用于污水处理。     

冬季供暖燃煤锅炉的污染及防治对策

供暖燃煤锅炉的污染已经成为我国北方冬季的主要污染源,因此我们必须了解污染的情况,寻求解决污染的对策与方式。     

悬浮填料好氧移动床反应器挂膜启动方式研究

主要针对好氧移动床处理生活污水挂膜启动方式进行了研究。考察了接种污泥对挂膜启动过程的影响,同时对启动过程中微生物相的变化以及出水中主要污染物随时间的变化情况进行了分析。结果表明：在温度为30～35℃,MBBR1和MBBR2均能在16d左右完成挂膜启动,载体上附着微生物生长稳定时生物膜质量浓度分别达1．2g／L和1．4g／L,接种污泥并不能加速挂膜启动过程。试验还显示,挂膜过程中,CODCr和氨氮的去除率并不是同步提高,好氧异养菌的增殖速度较快,硝化菌的增殖速度较慢。     

城市污水处理厂污泥焚烧处理的探讨

介绍了南通市污泥现状,在分析传统污泥处置方法利弊的基础上介绍了循环流化床污泥焚烧技术。对循环流化床锅炉进行技术改造后,将城市污水处理厂污泥进行焚烧处理,经检测锅炉尾气和灰渣中重金属等污染物指标全部合格。