Application of 1D and 2D MFR reactor technology for the isolation of insecticidal and anti-microbial properties from pyrolysis bio-oils

Valuable chemicals can be separated from agricultural residues by chemical or thermochemical processes. The application of pyrolysis has already been demonstrated as an efficient means to produce a liquid with a high concentration of desired product. The objective of this study was to apply an insect and microorganism bioassay-guided approach to separate and isolate pesticidal compounds from bio-oil produced through biomass pyrolysis. Tobacco leaf (Nicotianata bacum), tomato plant (Solanum lycopersicum), and spent coffee (Coffea arabica) grounds were pyrolyzed at 10°C/min from ambient to 565°C using the mechanically fluidized reactor (MFR). With one-dimensional (1D) MFR pyrolysis, the composition of the product vapors varied as the reactor temperature was raised allowing for the selection of the temperature range that corresponds to vapors with a high concentration of pesticidal properties. Further product separation was performed in a fractional condensation train, or 2D MFR pyrolysis, thus allowing for the separation of vapor components according to their condensation temperature. The 300–400°C tobacco and tomato bio-oil cuts from the 1D MFR showed the highest insecticidal and anti-microbial activity compared to the other bio-oil cuts. The 300–350 and 350–400°C bio-oil cuts produced by 2D MFR had the highest insecticidal activity when the bio-oil was collected from the 210°C condenser. The tobacco and tomato bio-oil had similar insecticidal activity (LC₅₀ of 2.1 and 2.2 mg/mL) when the bio-oil was collected in the 210°C condenser from the 300–350°C reactor temperature gases. The 2D MFR does concentrate the pesticidal products compared to the 1D MFR and thus can reduce the need for further separation steps such as solvent extraction.     

温度对高负荷生态滤床处理东营市河道水的影响

采用生态滤床对东营市高氯(咸水)河道水进行处理研究,水力负荷控制为5~7 m3/(m2·h)(高出国家标准近5倍),探究不同温度对高负荷生态滤床污染物去除效率的影响。研究结果表明,水温在4~32℃范围内,温度对生态滤床COD、NH4+-N和TP去除率影响较少,污染物去除率较高,验证了势能增氧生态滤床在高氯条件下良好的净化效果。但温度对进水TN浓度影响较大,导致生态滤床对TN去除效果不稳定,推断主要原因是,溶解氧浓度较高和碳源供应不足抑制了反硝化细菌的反硝化反应。     

煤层瓦斯含量测定定点取样方法研究进展

基于文献调研及前期研究,分析了目前煤矿井下煤层瓦斯含量直接测定时所采用定点取样方法及其弊端,阐述了学者们提出的改进型定点取样方法,并对煤层瓦斯含量测定定点取样方法的研究进行了展望,指出:①取样过程瓦斯损失量小、取样时升温低、机械复杂度低是基于煤芯管法定点取样方法的发展方向;②开展煤储层条件下的瓦斯运移规律研究,建立并完善各种基于煤芯管法的定点取样方法的瓦斯损失量模型;③适用于松软煤层的定点取样方法的研发亟待开展;④基于负压气力输送理论的定点取样方法是定点取样方法研究的趋势,动态颗粒煤变负压瓦斯解吸规律是建立对应瓦斯损失量模型的基础研究。     

巨厚砾岩下冲击地压发生机理及加固技术研究

针对深部矿井巨厚砾岩下采场冲击地压的易发性和危险性,运用理论分析和室内相似材料模拟试验方法,对华丰煤矿巨厚砾岩下覆岩运动规律及采场冲击地压发生机理进行研究。研究发现:随着工作面的推进,离层自下而上发育,在巨厚砾岩层下部离层空间达到最大。煤层极限平衡区内集中静载荷能量E静和巨厚砾岩破断、垮落释放的集中动载荷能量E动是造成采场冲击地压的根本原因,并且E动诱发冲击地压的强度更高,危险性更大。当E静+E动-Ef min>0时,采场冲击地压启动。在此基础上,提出一种囊袋式离层加固技术,对离层区域进行横向挤压和纵向加固,有效控制巨厚砾岩断裂、垮落,防止冲击地压的发生,减少地表沉陷,实现了煤矿安全绿色开采。     

Treatment of wastewater from red and tropical fruit wine production by zeolite anaerobic fluidized bed reactor

A study of the anaerobic treatment of wastewaters derived from red (RWWW) and tropical fruit wine (TFWWW) production was carried out in four laboratory-scale fluidized bed reactors with natural zeolite as bacterial support. These reactors operated at mesophilic temperature (35°C). Reactors R1 and R2 contained Chilean natural zeolite, while reactors R3 and R4 used Cuban natural zeolite as microorganism support. In addition, reactors R1 and R3 processed RWWW, while reactors R2 and R4 used TFWWW as substrate. The biomass concentration attached to zeolites in the four reactors studied was found to be in the range of 44–46 g volatile solids (VS)/L after 90 days of operation time. Both types of zeolites can be used indistinctly in the fluidized bed reactors achieving more than 80%–86% chemical oxygen demand (COD) removals for organic loading rates (OLR) of up to at least 20 g COD/L d. pH values remained within the optimal range for anaerobic microorganisms for OLR values of up to 20 and 22 g COD/L d for RWWW and TFWWW, respectively. Toxicity and inhibition levels were observed at an OLR of 20 g COD/L d in reactors R1 and R3 while processing RWWW, whereas the aforementioned inhibitory phenomena were not observed at an OLR of 24 g COD/L d in R2 and R4, treating TFWWW as a consequence of the lower phenolic compound content present in this substrate. The volatile fatty acid (VFA) levels were always lower in reactors processing TFWWW (R2 and R4) and these values (< 400 mg/L, as acetic acid) were lower than the suggested limits for digester failure. The specific methanogenic activity (SMA) was twice as high in reactors R2 and R4 than in R1 and R3 after 120 days of operation when all reactors operated at an OLR of 20 g COD/L d.     

矿用救生舱内二氧化碳净化特性研究

煤矿救生舱是在矿井下发生事故后保护被困矿工生存、等待救援的密闭舱室设备。在救援过程中,二氧化碳的处理是舱内空气净化系统的一项主要功能。本文对救生舱内二氧化碳净化装置的功率、吸收效率、药剂床层厚度等因素进行了一系列试验,确定了救生舱二氧化碳的最优净化方式,并通过救生舱内真人生存试验对其进行了验证。最终得出救生舱内处理二氧化碳最佳反应条件为:药剂量20kg,最佳功率为100W;间歇式工作的运行时间与停机时间比例为2:3;在救生舱内8人生存模拟实验中,得出8kg药剂可供8人使用6.1h,平均吸收速率为1.34L/min。     

生物移动床处理农村面源生活污水试验研究

在实验室常温条件下,利用生物移动床(MBBR)处理模拟农村生活污水,通过检测反应器进出水中各污染物的浓度变化特性,确定MBBR挂膜条件及对污水的处理效果。研究表明,启动期活性污泥产生的黏性膨胀对挂膜有较大的影响,通过调节ρ(C)∶ρ(N)∶ρ(P)=100∶5∶1,可以改善此现象;MBBR运行稳定后,进水ρ(COD)、ρ(NH+4-N)、ρ(TP)分别为400,35,7 mg/L时,在p H约为7、ρ(DO)为2~4 mg/L、HRT为3h的条件下,COD、NH+4-N、TN、TP的去除率分别达到85%、85%、60%、70%。MBBR对农村面源污水有较好的处理效果,适合于处理污水管网系统落后的地区和乡镇的面源污水。     

低磷浓度下鸟粪石结晶成粒及反应器流态模拟

为扩大鸟粪石(MAP)结晶成粒技术的应用范围,对低磷浓度下MAP成粒最优条件进行了研究.试验得出该技术应用的磷浓度应大于50mg/L,并在此基础上研究得到低磷浓度条件下MAP结晶成粒的最佳条件:pH 9.0,磷氮物质的量比1:8.此时生成的MAP平均粒径为0.56mm,总体积生长率为4.95cm³/h,纯度可达99.9%.为进一步优化流化床反应器中MAP成粒条件,利用CFD商用软件(Fluent 6.3)对反应器流态进行了模拟.结果表明:MAP流化床反应器的生长区能够形成明显的自下而上的水力分级,截面流速也较为均匀,有利于颗粒的生成,但沉淀区和进水区存在死区、涡流等不利条件.因此,有必要改进生长区和沉淀区的连接方式以及进水管的分布,以获得更为优质的MAP颗粒.     

A/O-MBBR工艺处理生活污水性能及菌群结构

采用设计规模为100m³/d的一体化缺/好氧-移动床生物膜反应器(A/O-MBBR)处理实际生活污水,通过265d的中试研究考察了该工艺在多因素扰动下的除碳和脱氮性能,并对不同运行阶段微生物群落结构的动态变化进行了研究.结果表明,一体化A/O-MBBR系统具有良好的COD去除效果和脱氮性能.当好氧池溶解氧(DO)浓度和进水碳氮比(COD/N)分别为2.5~3.5mg/L和(7.9±2.0)时,COD、NH₄⁺-N和TN去除率分别达到(93.3±5.4)%、(99.1±0.6)%和(67.9±10.5)%.Proteobacteria、Bacteroidetes和Chloroflexi在不同运行时期均有较高的相对丰度,保证了有机物的高效去除.A/O-MBBR系统脱氮功能菌在运行初期主要分布于活性污泥中,且相对丰度较低.长期运行后,生物膜与活性污泥中均同时检出大量硝化菌和反硝化菌.其中,相对丰度最高的硝化菌为Nitrospira,主要分布于生物膜上(19.48%~28.05%).反硝化菌则以Thauera、Terrimonas和Dokdonella等为主.     

内循环移动床生物膜反应器的研究与应用

对传统移动床生物膜反应器进行改进,开发了内循环移动床生物膜反应器,通过处理模拟生活污水的研究,考察了反应器去除有机物和脱氮的能力。结果表明,在填料投加率为35%、进水COD为200～800mg/L、HRT为6h、有机负荷为0.8～3.2kg/(m.3d)的条件下,系统COD的去除率在89%以上;同时反应器具有良好的同步硝化反硝化脱氮能力,在DO为2.0mg/L、C/N为25、HRT为6h的条件下,NH4-N和TN的平均去除率分别可以达到98%和93%。另外,内循环移动床生物膜反应器与移动床生物膜反应器的对比实验结果表明,前者对COD和氮的去除效果都优于后者。