氢化物发生-原子荧光法同时测定污水中的砷和硒

用HNO3-HClO4消解液消解水样,断续流动进样,在KBH4-酸体系中,采用氢化物发生-原子荧光法同时测定污水中的砷和硒。在含浓盐酸2．0mL的介质中加入硫脲-抗坏血酸溶液5mL,在温度高于15℃时放置30min后,以15g/L KBH4溶液为还原剂,5％(体积分数)HCl为载流测定砷、硒荧光强度。在最佳实验条件下,砷、硒的相对标准偏差分别小于4％和2％,检出限分别为0．89μg／L和0．51μg／L,加标回收率分别为91．5％～101．2％和94．0％～100．5％。该方法精密度高、测定结果稳定,达到环境监测要求。     

FDA-PI双色荧光法检测蓝藻细胞活性的研究

对FDA-PI双色荧光法检测水华鱼腥藻和铜绿微囊藻的活性进行了研究,用荧光显微镜对染色结果进行测定.结果表明,在蓝色光激发下(495nm),活细胞被双醋酸荧光素FDA染成亮绿色,死亡细胞被碘化丙锭PI染成红色.染色效率与原植体类型和细胞密度有关.对细胞密度为6×107—7×109个·l-1的铜绿微囊藻,FDA染色效率可达94%以上.对细胞密度为4×107—5×108个·l-1的水华鱼腥藻,FDA染色效率可达91%以上,但细胞密度增大到5×109个·l-1时,由于藻丝体易卷曲在一起,FDA染色率下降到67%.对死亡细胞,PI染色率基本都可达到100%.因此,用FDA-PI检测活细胞和死亡细胞混合的细胞悬液,可根据细胞所发出的不同荧光而判断细胞活性.     

导数恒能量同步荧光法同时分析咔唑、苯并(a)芘、苝和2,3-苯并蒽

建立了咔唑、苯并(a)芘、苝和2,3-苯并蒽四组分同时测定的导数恒能量同步荧光分析法,该法简便快速,无需对混合物进行分离,只需一次扫描,就可实现四组分的同时鉴别和定量测定．该方法用于海水、自来水和大气飘尘的分析,取得了良好的效果,回收率分别为94％-104％,91．7％-104％和82．3％-112．5％．     

Hormesis-like growth and photosynthetic physiology of marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin exposed to polystyrene microplastics

• Polystyrene microplastic caused hormesis-like effects in Phaeodactylum tricornutum. • Low concentration of microplastic promoted growth, otherwise the opposite was true. • The change trends of pigment contents were opposite at two initial algae densities. • The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were more sensitive at low algae density. The effects of pristine polystyrene microplastics (pMPs) without any pretreatment at different concentrations (0, 10, 20, 50, and 100 mg/L) on Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin at two initial algae densities (10⁵ and 10⁶ cells/mL) were assessed in this study. Hormesis-like effects were found when microalgae grew with pMPs. The results showed that pMPs inhibited microalgae growth under a high concentration of microplastics tolerated by individual algal cell (low initial algae density) (up to −80.18±9.71%) but promoted growth when the situation was opposite (up to 15.27±3.66%). The contents of photosynthetic pigments including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c and carotenoids showed resistance to pMPs stress under a low initial algae density and increased with time, but the opposite was true under a high initial algae density. Compared with the low initial algae density group, Qp received less inhibition, and NPQ (heat dissipation) also decreased under the high initial algae density. Under the low initial algae density, OJIP parameters such as S_m, N, Area, Pi Abs, ѱ_o, φ_Eo, TRo/RC and ETo/RC were more perturbed initially and returned to the levels of the control group (without pMPs) over time, but they remained stable throughout the experiment at high initial algae density. These results show that microplastics in the marine environment may have different toxic effects on P. tricornutum at different growth stages, which is of great significance for understanding the impact of microplastics on marine microalgae and aquatic ecosystems.     

悬浮载体生物膜内硝化菌群空间分布规律

利用16S rRNA寡核苷酸探针荧光原位杂交和共聚焦激光扫描显微镜联用技术,对悬浮载体生物膜内硝化菌群的空间分布规律进行了分析.试验采用3组结构完全相同的悬浮载体生物膜反应器,每个反应器的曝气区为6L,沉淀区为2L,水力停留时间为1.0h,3个反应器的进水COD/NH₄⁺-N分别为15、10和5,从反应器中取出载体颗粒表面的生物膜进行分析,研究各反应器中生物膜的微生物群落结构的变化规律.结果表明,SCBR内载体表面生物膜的总体厚度在80～120μm左右,氨氧化菌和亚硝酸盐氧化菌主要分布在生物膜表面的20～30μm左右范围内.随着进水中COD/NH₄⁺-N的增加,氨氧化菌和亚硝酸盐氧化菌在整个生物膜中所占的比例逐步下降.     

基于三维荧光光谱-平行因子技术联用的湖泊浮游藻化学分类学研究

浮游藻荧光分析技术因其能够实现现场、快速、低成本测定而受到广泛研究和应用.本研究以浮游藻活体三维荧光光谱(EEM)为基础,利用平行因子(PARAFAC)和CHEMTAX发展了浮游藻群落组成荧光分析技术.首先,将PARAFAC模型应用于23种浮游藻的EEM,通过残差分析、荧光成分谱形分析等方法确定浮游藻EEM由12个荧光成分组成;然后,利用Bayesian判别分析表明浮游藻12个荧光成分的组成具有明显的门类特征性;最后,以获得的12个荧光成分构建浮游藻"荧光成分比值矩阵",结合CHEMTAX建立浮游藻荧光识别分析技术.通过测试表明,该技术对531个单种藻样品的平均识别正确率是99.1%,其中,绿藻的识别正确率为97.5%,其余藻的识别正确率为100%.对于95个实验室混合样品,优势藻和次优势藻的平均识别正确率分别为98.5%和90.5%;测定的平均相对含量分别为69.7%和26.4%.结果表明,本研究所建立的EEM-PARAFAC-CHEMTAX方法能够实现浮游藻群落组成的快速定性定量测定.     

双酚A对大豆、玉米和水稻叶绿素荧光反应的影响

双酚A(BPA)普遍应用在工业制成品中,因需求量递增而产生的环境安全问题引发各方关注.与BPA对植物生长影响的研究工作相比,BPA影响植物生长的机理的研究甚少.光合作用是植物生产的重要生理过程,可通过叶绿素荧光测定技术探测和分析.基于此,本文利用叶绿素荧光测定技术,研究了BPA对大豆、玉米和水稻幼苗叶绿素荧光反应的影响.结果表明,3.0 mg·L-1BPA可降低大豆和玉米初始荧光F0,增加原初光能转化效率F v/F m、实际光能转化效率ΦPSⅡ、电子传递速率ETR、光化学猝灭系数qP和非光化学猝灭系数qN,对水稻各荧光参数无影响,即3.0 mg·L-1BPA可改善大豆和玉米光合PSⅡ系统,增强光能吸收,提高光合电子传递和光能转化效率;6.0 mg·L-1BPA可增加大豆和水稻的ΦPSⅡ、ETR和qP,降低F0,除增加qN外不影响玉米的其它荧光参数,表明6.0 mg·L-1BPA能改善大豆和水稻光合PSⅡ系统,提高光能转化和电子传递效率;除10 mg·L-1BPA对水稻各荧光参数无显著影响及17.2 mg·L-1BPA增加玉米和水稻的qN外,10 mg·L-1和17.2mg·L-1BPA可增加3种作物F0,抑制其它各荧光参数,即高剂量BPA引起作物光抑制,PSⅡ中心受损,光能转化和电子传递效率降低.此外,对比3种作物荧光参数变幅可知,BPA对大豆各荧光参数的影响玉米水稻.总之,BPA对3种作物叶绿素荧光反应的影响在方式和效果上存在差异.     

超声与碱预处理对剩余污泥磷及有机物释放的影响

为了回收污泥所含的磷,采用碱和超声波对3种剩余污泥进行预处理以释放磷,考察了处理前后PO3-4-P(正磷酸盐)、TP(总磷)、SCOD(可溶性COD)、TOC(总有机碳)、TS(总固体)、VS(挥发性固体)的释放规律及溶解性有机物的三维荧光特性变化.结果表明,碱和超声波处理均能有效破解污泥,释放磷和有机物;城市污泥比制药污泥更容易破解;城市污泥无机磷的释放高于有机磷,而工业污泥的有机磷释放高于无机磷;采用生物脱氮除磷工艺的城市污泥释放磷最多,释放有机物最少,有利于磷的进一步回收.碱处理和超声处理都不会从根本上改变污泥上清液中有机物的组分,但碱处理能促进污泥蛋白质类、腐殖酸类和富里酸类有机物的释放.     

Remediation of nutrient-rich waters using the terrestrial plant, Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.

Effective control of eutrophication is generally established through the reduction of nutrient loading into waterways and water bodies. An economically viable and ecologically sustainable approach to nutrient pollution control could involve the integration of retention ponds, wetlands and greenways into water management systems. Plants not only play an invaluable role in the assimilation and removal of nutrients, but they also support fauna richness and can be aesthetically pleasing. Pandanus amaryllifolius, a tropical terrestrial plant, was found to establish well in hydrophytic conditions and was highly effective in remediating high nutrient levels in an aquatic environment showing 100% removal of NO~-N up to 200 mg/L in 14 days. Phosphate uptake by the plant was less efficient with 64% of the PO4-P removed at the maximum concentration of 100 mg/L at the end of 6 weeks. With its high NO~-N and PO43--P removal efficiency, P. amaryllifolius depleted the nutrient-rich media and markedly contained the natural colonization of algae. The impediment of algal growth led to improvements in the water quality with significant decreases in turbidity, pH and electrical conductivity. In addition, the plants did not show stress symptoms when grown in high nutrient levels as shown by the changes in their biomass, total soluble proteins and chlorophyll accumulation as well as photochemical efficiency. Thus, P. amaryUifolius is a potential candidate for the mitigation of nutrient pollution in phytoremediation systems in the tropics as the plant requires low maintenance, is tolerant to the natural variability of weather conditions and fluctuating hydro-periods, and exhibit good nutrient removal capabilities.