土壤挥发性汞释放通量的研究

在总结前人工作的基础上,建立了一套野外现场测量土军发性汞释放通量的实验装置,于１９９３－０８至１９９３－１０在贵州省三类地区（高汞区、人为汞污染区和背景参考区）的５个采样点进行土军发性汞释放通量的研究。结果表明,土壤军发性汞释放通量具有白天高于夜间的昼夜变化规律,土挥发性汞释放通量与土壤总汞含量、在气气温相关。     

温度对农田N2O产生与排放的影响

以华东太湖地区的水稻－冬麦轮作农田为研究对象,采用基于箱法－气相色谱法的自动连续观测系统,对整个轮作周期的Ｎ２Ｏ排放和温度进行了同步自动连续观测,同时,在实验室开展了一系列的模拟实验,以研究Ｎ２Ｏ产生与排放过程的温度效应,实验研究结果表明,在土显度适宜的一定温度范围内,Ｎ２Ｏ排放对温度的依赖性可用指数函数Ｆ＝Ａｅ＾ａｔ来描述,轮作周期内显著Ｎ２Ｏ排放发生的频率随温度的变化呈正态分布,６７％的排放量     

Parameter uncertainties in the modelling of vegetation dynamics—Effects on tree community structure and ecosystem functioning in European forest biomes

Dynamic vegetation models are useful tools for analysing terrestrial ecosystem processes and their interactions with climate through variations in carbon and water exchange. Long-term changes in structure and composition (vegetation dynamics) caused by altered competitive strength between plant functional types (PFTs) are attracting increasing attention as controls on ecosystem functioning and potential feedbacks to climate. Imperfect process knowledge and limited observational data restrict the possibility to parameterise these processes adequately and potentially contribute to uncertainty in model results. This study addresses uncertainty among parameters scaling vegetation dynamic processes in a process-based ecosystem model, LPJ-GUESS, designed for regional-scale studies, with the objective to assess the extent to which this uncertainty propagates to additional uncertainty in the tree community structure (in terms of the tree functional types present and their relative abundance) and thus to ecosystem functioning (carbon storage and fluxes). The results clearly indicate that the uncertainties in parameterisation can lead to a shift in competitive balance, most strikingly among deciduous tree PFTs, with dominance of either shade-tolerant or shade-intolerant PFTs being possible, depending on the choice of plausible parameter values. Despite this uncertainty, our results indicate that the resulting effect on ecosystem functioning is low. Since the vegetation dynamics in LPJ-GUESS are representative for the more complex Earth system models now being applied within ecosystem and climate research, we assume that our findings will be of general relevance. We suggest that, in terms of carbon storage and fluxes, the heavier parameterisation requirement of the processes involved does not widen the overall uncertainty in model predictions.     

长江有机碳通量的季节变化及三峡工程对其影响

2003年6月～2005年7月在长江口每月采集表层水样,测定溶解有机碳(DOC)和颗粒有机碳(POC).结果表明,DOC和POC平均浓度分别为1.59±0.21和0.91±0.42mg/L,其中枯季的DOC浓度较洪季高,而POC则呈相反趋势.POC浓度与水体中总悬浮颗粒物(TSM)浓度有显著性正相关关系,在TSM中的POC%随着TSM浓度的增加而减小.2003,2004年长江的DOC通量分别为1.32×10⁶t和1.20×10⁶t,POC通量分别为2.69×10⁶t和1.63×10⁶t,约76%的总有机碳在洪季输送入海,组成以颗粒态为主.2003～2004年间POC通量急剧减少,DOC通量与POC通量的比值迅速增大,可能与三峡水库对颗粒物的拦蓄、改造及富营养化有关.     

鼎湖山森林演替序列水文过程中总有机碳(TOC)变化规律及其对土壤碳平衡的贡献

森林水文过程中的总有机碳转运对土壤有机碳平衡起着重要的作用,但我们对于水文过程对碳平衡的贡献机理所知甚少.本研究针对鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林演替序列不同森林生态系统(马尾松林、针阔混交林和季风常绿阔叶林(简称季风林))的大气降水、穿透水、树干流、凋落物淋洗水以及地表径流中的总有机碳(TOC)进行了三年(2002年4月-2005年5月)观测,以此来分析水文学过程中TOC的变化规律和水文学过程对不同成熟度森林生态系统土壤有机碳积累的贡献.每场雨后进行水样的采集,采集的水样装入棕色玻璃瓶中,加硫酸至pH值小于2,放置于实验室冰箱冷藏待测.TOC用日本岛津公司生产的5000A型TOC-V分析仪测定.研究结果及推论如下:鼎湖山森林水文学过程中TOC浓度和总量变化呈现规律性的变化.大气降水中的TOC浓度和总量分别为(3.65±0.59)mg·L~(-1)和51.8104 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),大气降水是鼎湖山森林生态系统水文循环过程中TOC的主要来源.穿透水(DTF)中TOC浓度和总量均为:松林>混交林>季风林,其中季风林TOC浓度显著低于其他两种林型.松林树干流的TOC浓度显著高于混交林和季风林.凋落物淋洗水TOC浓度和总量大小依次均为:松林>混交林>季风林,且三林型间存在显著差异(p<0.05).径流中TOC浓度和总量均较小,且无明显差异.在湿季5月份,穿透水、树干流、凋落物淋洗水的TOC浓度呈现下降趋势.干季(10月)开始以后,穿透水、树干流、凋落物淋洗水中的TOC浓度又逐步回升.地表径流中TOC浓度干湿季变化趋势不明显.干季中各水文学分量TOC浓度大于湿季,但TOC总量呈现相反趋势.在森林水文学过程中,凋落物淋洗水所携带的有机碳量是土壤有机碳输入的最大项,季风林、混交林、松林中TOC总量分别为246.983 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),255.187kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)和261.876kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1);其次是直接到达土壤表面的穿透水,季风林、混交林、松林中TOC总量分别为28.152kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),37.410kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)和43.176kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1);树干流中有机碳浓度虽高,但总量很微小,季风林、混交林、松林中TOC总量分别为4.663kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),5.910kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)和4.566kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),所以对土壤有机碳收入贡献不大.径流所携带的TOC总量很小,季风林、混交林、松林中分别为8.707kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),9.318kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1),7.220kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1).由此可知,水文过程输入土壤的TOC总量远大于径流所带走的TOC总量,导致了水文过程中的TOC存留在土壤中,对土壤有机碳(SOC)的积累起着重要作用.季风林、混交林和马尾松林土壤每年通过水文学过程净输入的有机碳量分别为(27.1+1.65)g·m~(-2),(28.9±2.79)g·m~(-2)和(30.2±2.65)g·m~(-2).水文学过程中的这部分有机碳由于占总有机碳比例较小往往被忽视,但是正是由于水分在土壤中的下渗使得有机碳的分布趋于均匀,这将更加利于SOC的积累和保存.     

NitroScape: a model to integrate nitrogen transfers and transformations in rural landscapes

Modelling nitrogen transfer and transformation at the landscape scale is relevant to estimate the mobility of the reactive forms of nitrogen (N_r) and the associated threats to the environment. Here we describe the development of a spatially and temporally explicit model to integrate N_r transfer and transformation at the landscape scale. The model couples four existing models, to simulate atmospheric, farm, agro-ecosystem and hydrological N_r fluxes and transformations within a landscape. Simulations were carried out on a theoretical landscape consisting of pig-crop farms interspersed with unmanaged ecosystems. Simulation results illustrated the effect of spatial interactions between landscape elements on N_r fluxes and losses to the environment. More than 10% of the total N₂O emissions were due to indirect emissions. The nitrogen budgets and transformations of the unmanaged ecosystems varied considerably, depending on their location within the landscape. The model represents a new tool for assessing the effect of changes in landscape structure on N_r fluxes.     

Oxyanion flux characterization using passive flux meters: development and field testing of surfactant-modified granular activated carbon

We report here on the extension of Passive Flux Meter (PFM) applications for measuring fluxes of oxyanions in groundwater, and present results for laboratory and field studies. Granular activated carbon, with and without impregnated silver (GAC and SI-GAC, respectively), was modified with a cationic surfactant, hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA), to enhance the anion exchange capacity (AEC). Langmuir isotherm sorption maxima for oxyanions measured in batch experiments were in the following order: perchlorate>chromate>selenate, consistent with their selectivity. Linear sorption isotherms for several alcohols suggest that surfactant modification of GAC and SI-GAC reduced (approximately 30-45%) sorption of alcohols by GAC. Water and oxyanion fluxes (perchlorate and chromate) measured by deploying PFMs packed with surfactant-modified GAC (SM-GAC) or surfactant-modified, silver-impregnated GAC (SM-SI-GAC) in laboratory flow chambers were in close agreement with the imposed fluxes. The use of SM-SI-GAC as a PFM sorbent was evaluated at a field site with perchlorate contamination of a shallow unconfined aquifer. PFMs packed with SM-SI-GAC were deployed in three existing monitoring wells with a perchlorate concentration range of approximately 2.5 to 190 mg/L. PFM-measured, depth-averaged, groundwater fluxes ranged from 1.8 to 7.6 cm/day, while depth-averaged perchlorate fluxes varied from 0.22 to 1.7 g/m2/day. Groundwater and perchlorate flux distributions measured in two PFM deployments closely matched each other. Depth-averaged Darcy fluxes measured with PFMs were in line with an estimate from a borehole dilution test, but much smaller than those based on hydraulic conductivity and head gradients; this is likely due to flow divergence caused by well-screen clogging. Flux-averaged perchlorate concentrations measured with PFM deployments matched concentrations in groundwater samples taken from one well, but not in two other wells, pointing to the need for additional field testing. Use of the surfactant-modified GACs for measuring fluxes of other anions of environmental interest is discussed.     

内蒙古沙漠化草原生物源挥发性有机物排放特征

2017年7月,采用动态箱采样法对内蒙古沙漠化草原的生物源挥发性有机物（BVOC）进行了研究,同时记录了温度、湿度和光合有效辐射等参数.结果表明：沙漠化草原羊草和冰草均排放了异戊二烯、α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、α-水芹烯、3-蒈烯、α-萜品烯、对伞花烃、柠檬烯、γ-萜品烯、萜品油烯、罗勒烯和崁烯等12种挥发性有机化合物,羊草和冰草排放的BVOC平均排放通量分别为：（578.76±92.39）,（35.51±20.23）,（23.62±5.62）,（380.48±206.97）,（15.70±4.72）,（36.21±10.53）,（62.46±10.36）,（36.63±22.83）,（85.44±48.33）,（5.59±5.33）,（17.62±3.32）,（173.39±201.97）μg/（m²·h）和（587.36±298.57）,（7.24±0.28）,（80.09±0.32）,（204.49±122.10）,（4.64±0.83）,（9.96±3.32）,（18.86±5.73）,（4.49±4.37）,（63.02±27.51）,（7.26±5.09）,（23.06±1.86）,（32.30±26.29）μg/（m²·h）;羊草和冰草BVOC排放通量与温度和光合有效辐射变化规律呈现一致性,但各草种所受影响因子不尽相同,且其排放过程复杂,除冰草异戊二烯排放通量在15：00和17：00达到峰值外,其余BVOC排放通量与羊草BVOC排放通量均在11：00和15：00达到峰值.     

SiB3模式对作物区CO2通量的模拟研究

以苏州东山观测站农田为对象,通过使用简单生物圈模式(SiB3),在苏州东山站选取不同植被类型作为模式输入参数进行CO2通量的模拟,并利用苏州东山站2010-04-16~2011-06-30日的观测数据进行对比,讨论不同植被对苏州东山站CO2通量的影响.结果发现,选择玉米作为站点植被类型输入模式模拟的各月CO2通量日变化趋势与观测数据比较一致;而选择普通作物类型输入模式模拟获得的CO2通量,在4月和5月,白天低估CO2通量,6月高估CO2通量;选择茶树类型作为模式植被类型输入的模拟结果,高估5月和6月白天的CO2通量.另外,本研究还使用SiB3模式对每日CO2通量进行模拟,与观测对比后发现,选择的3种植被类型模拟获得的结果能较准确模拟出每日CO2通量的收支,但存在一定偏差.这说明,选择正确的植被类型能够使SiB3模式有效地模拟出CO2通量的日变化,但对时间从小时上升到每日尺度的CO2通量进行模拟时还存在一定困难,需要进一步验证.     

Carbon-based balanced trophic structure and flows in the offshore Lake Ontario food web before (1987-1991) and after (2001-2005) invasion-induced ecosystem change

Replicate mass-balanced solutions to Ecopath models describing carbon-based trophic structures and flows were developed for the Lake Ontario offshore food web before and after invasion-induced disruption. The food webs link two pathways of energy and matter flow: the grazing chain (phytoplankton-zooplankton-fish) and the microbial loop (bacteria-protozoans) and include 19 species-groups and three detrital groups. Mass-balance was achieved by using constrained optimization techniques to randomly vary initial estimates of biomass and diet composition. After the invasion, production declined for all trophic levels and species-groups except Chinook salmon. The trophic level (TL) increased for smelt, adult sculpin, adult alewife and Chinook salmon. Changes to ecotrophic efficiencies indicate a reduction in phytoplankton grazing, increased predation pressure on Mysis, adult smelt and alewife and decreased predation pressure on protozoans. Specific resource to consumer TTE changed; increasing for protozoans (8.0-11.5%), Mysis (0.6-1.0%), and Chinook salmon (1.0-2.3%) and other salmonines (0.4-0.5%) and decreasing for zooplankton (20.2-15.1%), prey-fish (9.7-8.8%), and benthos (1.7-0.6%). Direct trophic influences of recent invasive species were low. The synchrony of the decline in PP and species-group production indicates strong bottom-up influence. Mass balance required an increase of two to threefold in lower trophic level biomass and production, confirming a previously observed paradoxical deficit in lower trophic level production. Analysis of food web changes suggest hypotheses that may apply to other similar large pelagic systems including, (1) as pelagic primary productivity declines, overgrazing of zooplankton results in an increase in protozoan production and a loss of trophic transfer efficiency, (2) habitat and food web changes increased Mysis predation on Diporeia and contributed to their recent decline, and (3) production of Chinook salmon, the primary piscivore, was uncoupled from pelagic production processes. This study demonstrates the value of food web models to better understand the impact of invasive species and to develop novel hypotheses concerning trophic influences.