四维通量法施工扬尘排放模型的建立与应用

建立了一种与美国环保局推荐的暴露高度浓度剖面法类似、应用实测数据计算施工扬尘排放量的数学模型——四维通量法模型,以及一套与该模型相匹配的施工扬尘排放量监测方案.采用四维通量法计算施工扬尘排放量,更加简洁方便,并且可以较好地消除偶然因素对计算结果的干扰.将北京城近郊区40多个建筑工地的实测数据代入该数学模型所得到的北京市施工扬尘中TSP排放因子为0.492 kg/(m²·30 d),在数值上是美国环保局AP-42文件推荐排放因子的1.83倍.建议采用本研究得出的本地化排放因子来建立北京市施工扬尘排放清单.     

太湖梅梁湾磷化氢气体浓度和通量日变化

以太湖梅梁湾湖区为研究对象,考察水面上空磷化氢浓度和水-气界面磷化氢释放通量的习变化.结果表明,白天大气中磷化氢浓度(7.39±7.00)ng·m-3显著低于夜间(37.05±22.74)ng·m-3,光照是影响大气中磷化氢浓度的主要因素.磷化氢通量全天正负交替,白天平均通量(11.41±23.76)ng·m-2·h-1,水体为磷化氢的释放源;夜间平均通量为(-37.62±26.45)ng·m-2·h-1,水体表现为磷化氢的汇;一天内平均日变化为(-13.11±35.04)ng·m-2·h-1,磷化氢总体为从大气向水体迁移的过程.磷化氢通量与水温显著正相关,而与大气中磷化氢浓度显著负相关.相关性分析表明磷化氢与温室气体(甲烷、二氧化碳和氧化亚氮)均呈现负相关.     

施肥对冬小麦土壤温室气体排放的影响

通过对不同施肥处理下冬小麦（Triticum aestivum）农田土壤温室气体排放的测定,研究了巢湖流域圩区农业生态系统春季土壤温室气体的排放特点。结果表明,土壤温室气体通量与温度等因素正相关,与土壤水分质量分数负相关,不同施肥方式对土壤温室气体排放也有重要影响。土壤系统维持持续的CO2气体排放,土壤是CO2气体的净排放源;CH4的情况则较为复杂,在较低温度条件下,土壤可以吸收少量的CH4气体,随着温度的上升开始出现CH4的净排放。与对照相比,优化施肥、减量施肥＋秸秆还田、常规施肥可减少的温室气体排放量折合CO2体积当量分别相当于减排12.0%、20.5%、17.6%,合理的施肥管理可以大幅度减少温室气体的排放。     

Sensitivity of protective barrier performance to changes in rainfall rate

Single- or multi-layered surface barriers are used for protecting the underlying hazardous or radioactive waste storage facility and for reducing the risk of dispersion of contaminants to the ground water. To assess the effect of variations in net rainfall rate (total rainfall minus evapotranspiration) on the hydraulic response of a multi-layered barrier, a series of flow simulations were performed. Water fluxes in different layers of the barrier were numerically calculated for three net rainfall rates, i.e. 0.0255, 0.0742, and 0.141 cm/day. These rates correspond to dry, average, and wet climatological conditions in Belgium. Results show that for dry conditions, almost 45% of the water infiltrating the top of the barrier is laterally evacuated. When the net rainfall rate increases from 0.0255 to 0.0742 cm/day, more water is being laterally diverted, and only 22% of the applied rainfall percolates through the barrier. If the rainfall rate is increased from 0.0255 to 0.141 cm/day, the percolation becomes 14% of the applied rainfall. This indicates that fluxes leaving the bottom of the repository increase only slightly, although the rainfall rate for wet conditions is approximately 5 times larger than for dry conditions. Under dry conditions a slightly negative pressure develops in the bottom of the low-permeability clay layer. However, this desaturation does not affect the integrity of the clay.     

Anaerobic treatment of fresh leachate from a municipal solid waste incinerator by upflow blanket filter reactor

This paper describes the feasibility of fresh leachate treatment by an upflow blanket filter (UBF). Through dilution and partial effluent recycling, the organic loading rates increased from 0.51 to 14.56 kg COD/(m³·d), meanwhile the corresponding hydraulic retention time decreased from 9.0 to 3.6 d. The reactor was able to achieve steady-state within 80 d. Based on the distribution of COD fluxes in the process, it was concluded that anabolism was the main pathway of COD removal in the initial phase (1–33 d), accounting for 57%–85% of total COD removed. As the anaerobic consortium of bacteria reached steady-state (after 70–86 d), the majority of COD removed was transformed into methane, because the specific methane yield was close to the theoretical value (0.36 L CH₄/(g COD_deg)).     

北京城市地区CO2通量特征

城市CO₂排放是全球大气CO₂的重要来源. 为探讨不同气象背景条件、土地利用方式和覆盖类型以及能源消耗方式对城市CO₂排放的影响,利用北京325m气象塔(39°58′N、116°22′E)上140m高涡动相关仪监测的湍流数据,对2009年6月26日—2011年12月31日气象塔周边区域共919d CO₂通量的时间变化及方向分布特征进行了研究,并计算了CO₂的年排放量. 结果表明:CO₂通量受交通因素影响明显,各季节CO₂通量日间早、晚峰值出现时间与车流量高峰时间一致,该特征在冬季表现尤为突出. 冬季取暖会显著增加CO₂排放量;受供暖排放和植物休眠的影响,冬季CO₂通量全天均高于其他季节,日均值为30.1μmol/(m2·s),显著高于春、夏、秋三季的15.2、17.9和15.8μmol/(m2·s) (t-test,P<0.001). CO₂通量在不同方向的分布特征表明,其值与源区内人工建筑面积所占比例成正比;而在植被覆盖比例较高的方位,其CO₂通量相应较小. 气象塔周边区域CO₂年均排放量达到30.0kg/(m2·a),但仍小于伦敦的35.5kg/(m2·a).      

A flux-based assessment of the effects of ozone on foliar injury, photosynthesis, and yield of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Borlotto Nano Lingua di Fuoco) in open-top chambers

Stomatal ozone uptake, determined with the Jarvis' approach, was related to photosynthetic efficiency assessed by chlorophyll fluorescence and reflectance measurements in open-top chamber experiments on Phaseolus vulgaris. The effects of O₃ exposure were also evaluated in terms of visible and microscopical leaf injury and plant productivity. Results showed that microscopical leaf symptoms, assessed as cell death and H₂O₂ accumulation, preceded by 3-4 days the appearance of visible symptoms. An effective dose of ozone stomatal flux for visible leaf damages was found around 1.33 mmol O₃ m⁻². Significant linear dose-response relationships were obtained between accumulated fluxes and optical indices (PRI, NDI, ΔF/F_m^′). The negative effects on photosynthesis reduced plant productivity, affecting the number of pods and seeds, but not seed weight. These results, besides contributing to the development of a flux-based ozone risk assessment for crops in Europe, highlight the potentiality of reflectance measurements for the early detection of ozone stress.     

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the atmosphere of sub-alpine northern Italy

The main objective of this work was to assess the atmospheric concentrations and seasonal variations of selected POPs in a sub-alpine location where few data are available. A monitoring and research station was set up at the JRC Ispra EMEP site (Italy). We present and discuss a one-year data set (2005-2006) on PCB air concentrations. ∑7PCBs monthly averaged concentration varied from 31 to 76 pg m⁻³. Concentrations in the gas phase (21-72 pg m⁻³) were higher than those in the particulate phase (3-10 pg m⁻³). Advection of air masses and re-volatilization from local sources seem to play a dominant role as drivers of PCB atmospheric concentrations in the area. Indications of seasonal variation affecting PCB congener patterns and the gas/particulate partitioning were found. Modeling calculations suggest a predominant importance of the wet deposition in this region (1 μg m⁻² yr⁻¹ ∑7PCBs yearly total wet deposition flux; 650-2400 pg L⁻¹ rainwater concentrations).     

Mass fluxes and spatial trends of xenobiotics in the waters of the city of Halle, Germany

The behaviour and the effects of xenobiotics including pharmaceuticals and fragrances in the environment are widely unknown. In order to improve our knowledge, field investigations and modelling approaches for the entire area of the city of Halle/Saale, Germany, were performed. The distribution of the concentration values and mass fluxes are exemplified using indicators such as Bisphenol A, t-Nonylphenol, Carbamacepine, Galaxolide, Tonalide, Gadolinium and isotopes. Concentrations at a magnitude of ng/L to microg/L were found ubiquitously in the ground and surface waters. Using the concentration values, the impact of the city concerning the indicators was not always evident. Only the assessment of the mass fluxes shows significant urban impacts along the city passage. The calculation of the mass fluxes shows increasing values for all investigated xenobiotics during the city passage; only Bisphenol A stagnates. A balance model of water and indicator mass fluxes was built up for the entire city area.     

林产品生物碳通量的动态生命周期评估

将时间因素和生物碳通量纳入林产品生命周期碳足迹评估,通过动态生命周期分析法(Dynamic Life Cycle Assessment,DLCA),确定林产品生产、使用和废弃阶段替代化石能源的净温室气体减排和对森林碳损失的净弥补时间。首先,建立温室气体排放和封存的动态生命周期清单,评估刨花板全生命周期的碳动态和碳足迹;其次,根据ISO 14040和PAS 2050标准提供的静态生命周期分析法分别核算包含与不包含碳储计算的碳足迹,量化时间因素和生物碳通量对于碳足迹结果差异的影响程度;最后,对比自然生长状态的森林碳汇情境,评估刨花板使用和废弃阶段替代化石燃料实现净气候减排所需的时间。研究表明:①时间因素和生物碳通量核算对碳足迹结果影响较大(223.34%),忽视时间因素会低估刨花板的减排贡献(18.98%)。②动态生命周期分析法可准确评估生物碳和温室气体排放的时间问题,但对时间范围非常敏感(75.19%和113.25%)。③生产、使用林产品以及林产品对化石能源的替代是实现长期气候减排的有效方式,在100a的时间范围能够弥补因森林砍伐造成的碳损失,从而实现碳中性。