The Importance of Leaching from Litter Collected in Litterfall Traps

Litterfall (LF) is usually collected by means of opentraps. However, this litter will be subject toleaching by the throughfall which passes through theaccumulated litter in the traps. The nutrients lostduring this leaching are not taken into account in thecalculation of LF nutrient fluxes. We report theresults from a 2-month (August–September) studycarried out in 8 northern coniferous forest stands toassess the possible importance of leaching from litterin LF traps. Compared to throughfall (TF), thelitterfall leachate (LFL_gross), which includes athroughfall component, had significantly (p < 0.05)higher concentrations and fluxes of Ca, Mg, Na and S.The average net LFL (i.e., LFL_net = LFL_gross-TF) fluxes were 21 (Ca), 7 (Mg), 57 (K), 10 (Na), 10 (N), and 19 (S) mg m^-2 mo^-1. LFL_net accounted for 42%, 37% and 50% of the LFL_gross flux, and for 91%, 51% and 49% of the total litterfall flux (i.e.,LF + LFL_net) of Na, S and K, respectively. ForCa, Mg and N, the LFL_net flux accounted for 64%,58% and 29% of the LFL_gross flux, and for< 14% of the total litterfall flux. Compared to TF,LF was the dominant return pathway for Ca, Mg and N tothe forest floor regardless of whether LFL_net wasincluded or not. However, for K and S, takingLFL_net into account determined whether TF or LFwas the dominant pathway. TF remained the dominantpathway for Na even when LFL_net was included.     

陆上物质的远距离输送对西太平洋热带海域降水化学组成的影响

１９８８年９－１０月在西太平洋热带海域收集了４６个雨水样品和３８８份雨水样品和３８８份雨滴谱。分析结果表明，３个ｐＨ值范围下的平均两滴谱的分布基本上满足指数递减律。在风系作用下，远距离输送来的陆上物质对该海域雨水的平均ｐＨ值为５．７３，而“陆地性”降雨的平均ｐＨ值只有４．８０。ｐＨ５．７３可认为是ＴＷＰＡ上未受陆地源直接影响的天然降雨的平均ｐＨ值。最后还给出了观测期间该海域非海化学组分的湿沉降通量     

厦门海域大气颗粒态硫酸盐的分布特征及其入海通量

厦门海域大气中颗粒态硫酸盐的浓度存在着季节性的变化规律，其浓度大小为：冬季大于春季大于秋季大于夏季。颗粒态硫酸盐的平均浓度估算为９．３７μｇ／ｍ＾３，其中海盐源和大海盐源硫酸盐分别为０．８９和８．４８μｇ／ｍ＾３，硫酸盐在不同粒径颗粒物听分布呈双型：粗颗粒硫酸盐来源于海盐，而细颗粒硫酸盐则非来自海盐。利用所采集的大气干，湿沉降的试样，测定了颗粒态硫酸盐的分布变化特征，并估算了大气输入厦门海域的颗粒     

城市废物流自然循环消纳及实现途径探讨

通过对城市的人工物流循环过程与环境的自然物流循环过程关系的讨论，提出环境问题是产生于两者之间的矛盾，环境治理应致力于协调两者关系，并体现在自然物流循环过程的恢复，以此思路为基础评述了不同类型城市环境治理措施对城市环境质量改善的可持续化效益，并提出了几种典型的城市废物流的自然循环消纳的实现途径，及其对自然物流循环恢复的意义。     

Response of CH4 emission of paddy fields to land management practices at a microcosmic cultivation scale in China

The terrestrial ecosystem may be either a source or a sink of CH4 in rice paddies, depending, to a great extent, on the change of ecosystem types and land use patterns. CH4 emission fluxes from paddy fields under 4 cultivation patterns (conventional plain culture of rice(T1), no-tillage and ridge culture of rice(T2), no-tillage and ridge culture of rice and wheat (T3), and rice-wheat rotation(T4)) were measured with the closed chamber technique in 1996 and 1998 in Chongqing, China. The results showed that differences existed in CH4 emission from paddy fields under these land management practices. In 1996 and 1998, CH4 emission was 71.48% and 78.82% (T2), 65.93% and 57.18% (T3), and 61.53% and 34.22% (T4) of that in T1 during the rice growing season. During the non-rice growing season, CH4 emission from rice fields was 76.23% in T2 and 38.69% in T]. The accumulated annual CH, emission in T2, T3 and T4 in 1996 decreased by 33.53%, 63.30% and 65.?3%, respectively, as compared with that in TI. In 1998. the accumulated annual CH4 emission in T], T2, T3 and T4 was 116.96g/m^2, 68.44g/m^2, 19.70g/ms and 11.80g/m^2, respectively. Changes in soil physical and chemical properties, in thermal and moisture conditions in the soil and in rice plant growth induced by different land use patterns were the dominant causes for the difference in CH4 emission observed. The relative contribution of various influencing factors to CH, emission from paddy fields differed significantly under different land use patterns. However, the general trend was that chlorophyll content in rice leaves, air temperature and temperature at the 5 cm soil layer play a major role in CH4 emission from paddy fields and the effects of illumination, relative humidity and water layer depth in the paddy field and CH4 concentration in the crop canopy were relatively non-significant. Such conservative land use patterns as no-tillage and ridge culture of rice with or without rotation with wheat are thought to be beneficial to reducing CH4 emission from paddy fields and are, therefore, recommended as a significant solution to the problems of global(climatic) change.     

Long Term NH3 Flux Measurements above Grasslands in The Netherlands

Ammonia concentration gradients were measuredabove a grassland in an agricultural region fromJuly 1998 to July 2000 at the locationSchagerbrug in the Netherlands. They were used tocalculate the surface-atmosphere exchange ofammonia by means of the aerodynamic gradienttechnique. Measurements of the ammonia exchangewere also performed at a grass field that is partof a major wetland reserve in the centre of theNetherlands (Oostvaardersplassen), during theperiod June 1994–September 1995. At Schagerbrug,low net emissions or small depositions weremeasured during the winter months, and a netemission up to 5 kg NH₃ ha^-1 month^-1 in summer. The net annual emission was 26 kgN ha^-1, with manure application contributingabout 50% of this emission. AtOostvaardersplassen mainly deposition occurred,but large emissions were measured in autumn. Themeasured exchange fluxes are compared to modelevaluations that incorporate plant physiologicaldata, such as apoplastic NH₄ ⁺concentrations and pH. Results show a goodagreement between field observations and modelsimulations, although some improvements arenecessary during nighttime periods. Themeasurements are conducted within the GRAMINAEproject, a second tranche project of EC TERI.     

南京轿子山生活垃圾填埋场温室气体释放的变化规律

垃圾填埋场是全球温室气体释放的重要来源. 在南京轿子山生活垃圾填埋场3个具有不同填埋龄(4~13 a)、覆土深度(30~100 cm)和有无填埋气收集系统的平台,采用静态箱气相色谱法对填埋场CH₄和N₂O的释放规律进行了研究. 结果表明:填埋龄与覆土深度对填埋场CH₄和N₂O的释放影响显著,与其他2个平台相比,填埋龄(10~15 a)长、覆土深度(80~100 cm)大且无填埋气收集系统的平台1的CH₄和N₂O四季及昼夜释放通量均相对较小,相差为2个数量级;虽然3个平台温室气体释放通量的昼夜和季节性变化规律并不一致,但在春季均出现最小值,CH₄和N₂O的最小释放通量分别约为30和186.49 μg/(m2·h). 夏季、秋冬季交替及冬春季交替时期,CH₄和N₂O的释放通量均出现峰值,晚上的释放量约占全天释放总量的70%左右. 垃圾填埋场是高度异质性体系,相关性分析表明,CH₄释放通量与覆土温度、覆土含水率无显著相关性,而N₂O释放通量却与这2个指标呈显著相关. CH₄释放通量季节和昼夜性变化较稳定,变异系数范围分别为13%~405%和43%~429%. N₂O释放通量的季节性和昼夜性变异水平较高,变异系数范围分别为15%~1 005%和17%~1 552%,因此有必要进行全时段监测.      

水热条件对不同坡位兴安落叶松林土壤CH4通量的影响

兴安落叶松林是我国北方最大的针叶林,在我国具有重要的碳汇地位,对我国以及全球的气候变化具有重要影响。由于独特的高寒高湿和多年冻土的特殊生态环境,兴安落叶松林土壤中 CH4的吸收与释放的规律与众不同。因此,开展对土壤 CH4动态及其与环境关系的研究,对揭示兴安落叶松林碳汇能力的形成、碳释放动态以及兴安落叶松林对气候变化的作用具有重要的理论和实践意义。作者于2011年5月到9月间在内蒙古根河国家生态站,在不同坡位的4种典型兴安落叶松林群落中布设样地,采用静态箱-红外气体分析仪收集气体并分析CH4通量的变化,同时测定不同深度的土壤温度,测定土壤含水率。借助SAS方差分析、相关性分析等统计方法,对兴安落叶松林土壤CH4通量的季节变化进行研究,同时分析土壤温度及含水率对 CH4通量的影响。结果表明,CH4的季节动态变化规律：坡顶 CH4通量为春季释放,夏季吸收,秋季释放,吸收大于释放,通量的平均值为-68.12μg·m^-2·h^-1;坡上部CH4通量为春夏秋3季均吸收,通量的平均值为-342.49μg·m^-2·h^-1;坡下部CH4通量为春季释放,夏季吸收,秋季释放,释放大于吸收,通量的平均值为67.8μg·m^-2·h^-1;坡脚CH4通量为春夏秋3季均释放,通量的平均值为263μg·m^-2·h^-1。总的来说,在生长季兴安落叶松林土壤甲烷通量吸收大于释放,说明地处寒温带的大兴安岭是CH4的汇。观测期间CH4通量与温度及土壤含水率均有一定的相关性,二者从不同角度影响CH4通量的变化,而随着坡位的变化土壤水热条件也随之改变,这同样是影响CH4通量的一个重要因素。     

亚热带稻田生态系统CO2通量特征分析

为评价稻田生态系统大气CO2的收支状况,2008-2009年江西省农业气象试验站利用涡度相关技术对稻田生态系统的CO2通量进行了为期一年的连续观测.对观测的数据进行处理和分析表明:在生长季,稻田生态系统CO2通量总体表现为负值,为CO2的汇.稻田生态系统CO2通量具有明显的日变化特征,白天净吸收CO2的量大于夜间呼吸释...     

黄柏河流域梯级水库沉积物磷形态特征及磷释放通量分析

为揭示黄柏河流域饮用水源水库的磷负荷特征,采用SMT分级方法对流域内3座梯级水库（玄庙观、天福庙、西北口水库）的沉积物磷形态特征及垂向变化特征进行了分析,并初步估算了沉积物-水界面正磷酸盐释放通量以及各形态磷含量对磷释放的影响.结果发现,沉积物总磷（TP）含量从流域上游至下游水库呈现递减趋势,平均值分别为（8070.0±2251.4）、（2681.2±1709.8）和（2656.6±1599.7）mg·kg^-1,均处于高度污染水平.3座水库中各个采样点磷形态之间的含量主要表现为：HCl-P > OP > NaOH-P.根据Fick第一定律,计算得到流域内3座梯级水库均表现为上覆水正磷酸盐的源,正磷酸盐释放通量从流域上游到下游水库呈现递减趋势,范围为0.0179~0.1825 mg·（m²·d）^-1.正磷酸盐释放通量与表层水体DO和叶绿素呈现正相关,与HCl-P,OP和TP同样表现为显著正相关.